Risk factors of clinical and subclinical endometritis in cattle: a review

Abstract

IntroductionIn cows, 75% of cases of milk fever, ketosis, displaced abomasum, retained placenta, and uterine infections occur during the first 30 days postpartum (1). Interestingly, bacteria that are isolated from the uterine lumen of 80%-90% of normal cows during the first weeks after calving (2) are responsible for five 'classifications' of uterine infections: puerperal metritis, clinical metritis, clinical and subclinical endometritis, and pyometra.Puerperal metritis presents as a fetid watery-red brown vulvar discharge associated with systemic signs and pyrexia (>39.5 °C) within 21 days of parturition, while clinical metritis presents as a purulent vulvar discharge detected within 21 days postpartum, but without any systemic signs (3). Clinical endometritis is characterized by purulent discharge after 21 days postpartum or a mucopurulent discharge after 26 days postpartum (3). In the absence of any clinical signs, subclinical endometritis is defined according to the stage of postpartum by the presence of >8% neutrophils in uterine cytological samples 21-33 days postpartum, >6% neutrophils at 34-46 days postpartum, or >4% neutrophils after 48 days postpartum (4). Pyometra is characterized by a significant accumulation of purulent material in the uterine lumen combined with a closed cervix and the persistence of a corpus luteum (3).The global incidence of endometritis in cattle is highly variable, ranging from 3.4% to 40%, depending on the diagnostic method (5). Clinical and subclinical endometritis negatively affect the performance of the world's dairy industry; economic losses are related to delay in the resumption of ovarian activity, increased number of services per conception, decreased milk yield, and costs of treatment of the disease (6,7). The United States and Europe have 8.5 and 24.1 million dairy cows and uterine infection costs 650 million dollars and 1.4 billion Euros, respectively (2).Excluding the bovine herpes virus 4 (BoHV-4), a large number of bacteria are responsible for clinical and subclinical endometritis (8,9); these are classified according to their pathogenicity and their frequency of

Biofilm forming potentiality of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine endometritis and their antibiotic resistance profiles

“…Endometritis is known to be one of the major diseases, which upset the reproductive performance of cattle and reduce livestock productivity [ 1 ]. Following parturition, the invasion of the endometrium with different bacterial species (more than 200) occurs, but not all these bacteria considered as pathogens [ 2 ].…”

Perception of farmers about endometritis prevention and control measures for zero-grazed dairy cows on smallholder farms in Rwanda

“…On the sampled farms, this was practiced on average twice a week. Unhygienic bedding materials and heavily soiled cattle shed are potential risk factors for transmission of causal microorganisms for disease in postpartum cows, of which endometritis is a prevalent fertility disease [30,31]. Furthermore, high mastitis prevalence (76.2%) has been attributed [32] to inadequate biosecurity measures on zero-grazing dairy farms in Rwanda.…”

Repeat Breeder İneklerde Presynch-10 ve Ovsynch Uygulamalarının Bazı Endometriyal Toll ve Nod Benzeri Reseptör Genlerinin Ekspresyonları Üzerine Etkileri

“…RBS is one of the most important problems affecting fertility, causing economic loss in dairy farming [31,32] . SE is one of the major etiologic factors of RBS in high milkyielding cows, and it causes infertility, delayed onset of postpartum ovarian activity, prolongation of the luteal phase and a decline in the rate of conception [33] . The most commonly used technique to diagnosis SE is endometrial cytology using the cytobrush method [34] .…”