Risk of overestimation of urinary cadmium concentrations: interference from molybdenum

Cañas, Ana; Esteban, Marta; Cutanda, Francisco; Castaño, Argelia

doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20130121003

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The molybdenum concentration in urine varies considerably. This interference is greatest in studies of children, whose urine may contain very low cadmium concentrations and higher molybdenum concentrations than adults' urine [19]. Modern ICP-MS instruments can overcome these problems, for example by using what are known as reaction cells or collision cells, in which the oxide molecules break down, but data from ICP-MS instruments with a low-resolution quadrupole mass spectrometer may be erroneously high.…”

Section: Methods and Problems Of Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report)

Nordberg

Bernard

Diamond³

et al. 2018

Pure and Applied Chemistry

176

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Chemistry and Human Health, Division VII of the International Union on Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), provides guidance on risk assessment methodology and, as appropriate, assessment of risks to human health from chemicals of exceptional toxicity. The aim of this document is to describe dose-response relationships for the health effects of low-level exposure to cadmium, in particular, with an emphasis on causation. The term “cadmium” in this document includes all chemical species of cadmium, as well as those in cadmium compounds. Diet is the main source of cadmium exposure in the general population. Smokers and workers in cadmium industries have additional exposure. Adverse effects have been shown in populations with high industrial or environmental exposures. Epidemiological studies in general populations have also reported statistically significant associations with a number of adverse health effects at low exposures. Cadmium is recognized as a human carcinogen, a classification mainly based on occupational studies of lung cancer. Other cancers have been reported, but dose-response relationships cannot be defined. Cardiovascular disease has been associated with cadmium exposure in recent epidemiological studies, but more evidence is needed in order to establish causality. Adequate evidence of dose-response relationships is available for kidney effects. There is a relationship between cadmium exposure and kidney effects in terms of low molecular mass (LMM) proteinuria. Long-term cadmium exposures with urine cadmium of 2 nmol mmol−1creatinine cause such effects in a susceptible part of the population. Higher exposures result in increases in the size of these effects. This assessment is supported by toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TKTD) modelling. Associations between urine cadmium lower than 2 nmol mmol−1creatinine and LMM proteinuria are influenced by confounding by co-excretion of cadmium with protein. A number of epidemiological studies, including some on low exposures, have reported statistically significant associations between cadmium exposure and bone demineralization and fracture risk. Exposures leading to urine cadmium of 5 nmol mmol−1creatinine and more increase the risk of bone effects. Similar associations at much lower urine cadmium levels have been reported. However, complexities in the cause and effect relationship mean that a no-effect level cannot be defined. LMM proteinuria was selected as the critical effect for cadmium, thus identifying the kidney cortex as the critical organ, although bone effects may occur at exposure levels similar to those giving rise to kidney effects. To avoid these effects, population exposures should not exceed that resulting in cadmium values in urine of more than 2 nmol mmol−1creatinine. As cadmium is carcinogenic, a ‘safe’ exposure level cannot be defined. We therefore recommend that cadmium exposures be kept as low as possible. Because the safety margin for toxic effects in kidney and bone is small, or non-existent, in many populations around the world, there is a need to reduce cadmium pollution globally.

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Section: Methods and Problems Of Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report)

Nordberg

Bernard

Diamond³

et al. 2018

Pure and Applied Chemistry

176

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“…In addition, every Cd isotope except for 106 Cd has the possibility of spectral interferences from the MoO formation. Such polyatomic interferences can be eliminated by the ICP-MS instrument using dynamic reaction cell technology with oxygen gas, 43,44 but cannot be fully resolved with a He-mode collision cell. As an alternative, in this study, correction of Mo oxide inferences on Cd was attempted using an empirical equation.…”

Section: Mo Interferences On CD Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of trace elements in human urine by ICP-MS using sodium chloride as a matrix-matching component in calibration

Gajek

2016

Anal. Methods

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“…Creatinine was determined enzymatically on an Abbott Architect C8000 Clinical Chemistry Analyzer (Abbott Diagnostics, Lake Forrest, IL). The measurement of cadmium in urine was performed as previously described (Cañas et al, 2013). The urinary levels of cadmium and cotinine were adjusted for creatinine content in urine.…”

Section: In This Issue)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Danish contribution to the European DEMOCOPHES project: A description of cadmium, cotinine and mercury levels in Danish mother-child pairs and the perspectives of supplementary sampling and measurements

Mørck

Nielsen

et al. 2015

Environmental Research

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Human biomonitoring (HBM) is an important tool, increasingly used for measuring true levels of the body burdens of environmental chemicals in the general population. In Europe, a harmonized HBM program was needed to open the possibility to compare levels across borders. To explore the prospect of a harmonized European HBM project, DEMOCOPHES (DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale) was completed in 17 European countries. The basic measurements performed in all implemented countries of DEMOCOPHES included cadmium, cotinine and phthalate metabolites in urine and mercury in hair. In the Danish participants, significant correlations between mothers and children for mercury in hair and cotinine in urine were found. Mercury in hair was further significantly associated with intake of fish and area of residence. Cadmium was positively associated with BMI in mothers and an association between cadmium and cotinine was also found. As expected high cotinine levels were found in smoking mothers. For both mercury and cadmium significantly higher concentrations were found in the mothers compared to their children. In Denmark, the DEMOCOPHES project was co-financed by the Danish ministries of health, environment and food safety. The co-financing ministries agreed to finance a number of supplementary measurements of substances of current toxicological, public and regulatory interest. This also included blood sampling from the participants. The collected urine and blood samples were analyzed for a range of other persistent and non-persistent environmental chemicals as well as two biomarkers of effect. The variety of supplementary measurements gives the researchers further information on the exposure status of the participants and creates a basis for valuable knowledge on the pattern of exposure to various chemicals.

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Risk of overestimation of urinary cadmium concentrations: interference from molybdenum

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report)

Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report)

Determination of trace elements in human urine by ICP-MS using sodium chloride as a matrix-matching component in calibration

The Danish contribution to the European DEMOCOPHES project: A description of cadmium, cotinine and mercury levels in Danish mother-child pairs and the perspectives of supplementary sampling and measurements

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