Robotised atmospheric plasma treatment to improve the adhesion of vulcanised and thermoplastic rubber materials for a more sustainable footwear

Ruzafa-Silvestre, Carlos; Carbonell-Blasco, María Pilar; Pérez-Limiñana, M.A.; Arán-Aı́s, Francisca

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.103010

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…These chemical modifications, with respect to the uncoated sample, were due to the silicon coating deposited because of the dissociation of the HMDSO monomer by plasma irradiation. This occurs mainly due to the formation of two free radicals, (CH 3 ) 3 -Si-O and Si-(CH 3 ) 3 , precursors of the film growth [ 37 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, few authors have studied the plasma polymerisation process of different organosilicon compounds, such as HMDSO on leather and synthetic materials [ 30 ], for the development of hydrophobic coatings [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Previous work by the authors showed preliminary evidence of the use and optimisation of plasma technology [ 35 , 36 , 37 ] with enhanced hydrophobicity at high water contact angles in leather for footwear applications [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organosilicon-Based Plasma Nanocoating on Crust Leather for Water-Repellent Footwear

Ruzafa-Silvestre¹,

Juan-Fernández²,

Carbonell-Blasco³

et al. 2022

Materials

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In this study, functional nanocoatings for waterproof footwear leather materials were investigated by chemical plasma polymerization by implanting and depositing the organosilicon compound hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) using a low-pressure plasma system. To this end, the effect of monomers on leather plasma deposition time was evaluated and both the resulting plasma polymers and the deposited leather samples were characterised using different experimental techniques, such as: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, leather samples were tested by standard tests for color change, water resistance, surface wetting resistance and dynamic water contact angle (DWCA). The resulting polysiloxane polymers exhibited hydrophobic properties on leather. Furthermore, these chemical surface modifications created on the substrate can produce water repellent effects without altering the visual leather appearance and physical properties. Both plasma coating treatments and nanocoatings with developed water-repellency properties can be considered as a more sustainable, automated and less polluting alternative to chemical conventional processing that can be introduced into product-finishing processes in the footwear industry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organosilicon-Based Plasma Nanocoating on Crust Leather for Water-Repellent Footwear

Ruzafa-Silvestre¹,

Juan-Fernández²,

Carbonell-Blasco³

et al. 2022

Materials

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“…In addition, the failure of the separated joint changed from cohesive failure of the rubber (tearing of the material) to adhesive failure of the rubber (separation of the adhesive film from the material). 55 The decrease in peeling forces was due to a decrease in soft segments and a decrease in crystallinity as new segments were produced with the incorporation of the CO 2 -based polyol. Nevertheless, all HMPUR adhesives with the different percentages of CO 2 -based polyol successfully met the final quality requirements of footwear in terms of T-peel strength, according to the standard EN 15307.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaner technologies to minimise the environmental footprint of the footwear bonding process

Carbonell-Blasco

Ruzafa-Silvestre

Mateu-Romero

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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Advances in cleaner technologies have a critical role in reaching Europe’s climate and environmental goals. More precisely, in the case of the footwear bonding process its environmental impact is mainly related to the VOCs emissions resulting from the use of organic solvents in the most common adhesives used, as well as during the application of some surface treatments such as halogenation. Moreover, the use of raw materials of fossil origin also contributes to its carbon footprint. The aim of this work is to deploy cleaner technologies to minimise the environmental footprint of the footwear bonding process through several approaches at different steps of the process life cycle, also to contribute to footwear circularity. This work focuses on the synthesis and application of reactive hot melt polyurethanes from CO2-based polyols as biobased adhesives, and the study of plasma-based surface treatments (low-pressure plasma and atmospheric pressure plasma) to improve adhesion properties, using styrene-butadiene vulcanised (SBR) rubber as a representative footwear soling material. The influence of CO2-based polyols on the polyurethane structure and the physicochemical effects of the plasma treatments on the rubber surface, as well as the final adhesion properties have been evaluated by means of different experimental techniques. The results showed that the values obtained for the T-peel strength of the adhesive joints studied, with the combination of the application of the plasma surface treatments and the biobased reactive hotmelt, exceed the minimum quality requirements for footwear according to the standardised tests. As a result, the deployment of such cleaner technologies regarding adhesives and surface treatments in the footwear bonding process will contribute to improving footwear carbon footprint and its circularity.

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“…[ 5 ] As a result, a significant volume of waste rubber goods are thrown and pose a serious threat to the environment. [ 6 ] Most used rubber products are burned for inferior forms of energy recovery to reduce the amount of scrap rubber at landfills, which definitely causes air and water pollution. [ 7 ] Therefore, a viable advancement in rubber technology is required to manufacture more environmentally friendly rubber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface modification of silica with polymethylmethacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid for enhancement of self‐healing performance of natural rubber composites based on metal thiolate ionic network

Rehman

Ismail

Sani

et al. 2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Polymethylmethacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid (PMMA‐co‐MAA) was utilized for surface improvement of silica to be used as reinforcement in self‐healing natural rubber based on metal thiolate ionic network. The amount of PMMA‐co‐MAA was varied at 1, 3, and 5 wt% of silica content and the optimized PMMA‐co‐MAA was utilized to investigate the self‐healing NR/silica composites at different filler loading (5, 10, 20, and 30 phr). The graft polymerization of PMMA‐co‐MAA on silica was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy and grafting percentage was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Intermolecular diffusion occurred at the fractured area was detected using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the results revealed that the composite tensile and tear performance increased 22%–70% with healing efficiency percentage ranging between 70% and 97% depending on the silica loading.

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Robotised atmospheric plasma treatment to improve the adhesion of vulcanised and thermoplastic rubber materials for a more sustainable footwear

Cited by 10 publications

References 41 publications

Organosilicon-Based Plasma Nanocoating on Crust Leather for Water-Repellent Footwear

Organosilicon-Based Plasma Nanocoating on Crust Leather for Water-Repellent Footwear

Cleaner technologies to minimise the environmental footprint of the footwear bonding process

Surface modification of silica with polymethylmethacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid for enhancement of self‐healing performance of natural rubber composites based on metal thiolate ionic network

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