Role and significance of total phenols during rooting of Protea cynaroides L. cuttings

Abstract

Phenolic compounds, which are known to regulate root formation, are found abundantly in difficult-toroot Protea cynaroides stem cuttings. In this study, analysis of total phenol content was carried out on blanched and unblanched cuttings to observe its fluctuation throughout the entire rooting period (120 days) and establish its relationship with root formation. Results showed that blanching significantly increased the total phenol content in the basal ends of the cuttings. The high total phenol content was associated with significantly higher rooting percentage and increased the number of roots formed. Blanching reduced the time needed for the cuttings to root sufficiently to be transplanted to the field by 30 days. Analyses of different parts of cuttings throughout the entire rooting period showed continuous increase in total phenols at the basal end, while decrease in total phenols was observed in the leaves.

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“…The higher total phenolics content was associated with a significantly higher rooting percentage and increased numbers of roots (Wu and du Toit, 2011). It has been hypothesised that, phenolic compounds protect the endogenous, naturally-occurring auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), from destruction by the enzyme IAA oxidase, and/or can act as precursors for lignin formation for structural support (Wu and du Toit, 2011). Similarly, high flavonoid contents are often linked to ease of rooting (Curir et al, 1993;Osterc et al, 2007).…”

“…Higher contents of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and O-dihydric phenols were observed in mycorrhizal cuttings after 90 d (Table IV). The higher total phenolics content was associated with a significantly higher rooting percentage and increased numbers of roots (Wu and du Toit, 2011). It has been hypothesised that, phenolic compounds protect the endogenous, naturally-occurring auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), from destruction by the enzyme IAA oxidase, and/or can act as precursors for lignin formation for structural support (Wu and du Toit, 2011).…”

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“…On the other hand, the study by Martins et al (2022) found high concentrations of phenolic compounds in the cambial region of rooted cuttings, suggesting a positive influence of these compounds on adventitious rooting. Similarly, Wu & Toit (2011) recommend the exogenous application of phenolic compounds at the bases of cuttings of Protea cynaroides L. to stimulate root formation. This would explain the ineffectiveness of applying antioxidants for the rooting of cuttings of species such as Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) (BERGO & MENDES, 2000) and Vaccinium myrtillus (Ericaceae) (HOFFMANN et al, 1995).…”

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“…Such phenolics include catechol (Hackett, 1970; Trobec et al., 2005), chlorogenic acid (Hammerschlag, 1982), phloroglucinol (James & Thurbon, 1981; Zimmerman, 1984), phloretic acid (Jones & Hatfield, 1976), 3, 4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, and caffeic, ferulic, and gallic acids in plants such as Cunninghamia lanceolata (Zhiqun et al., 2002), Phytolacca spp. (Kim et al., 2005), Protea cynaroides (Wu & Du Toit, 2011), and Rumex japonicus (Elzaawely et al., 2005).…”