Role of exosomes in tumour and transplant immune regulation

Abstract

Exosomes are a potent means for intercellular communication. However, exosomes have received intensive research focus in immunobiology only relatively recently.Because they transport proteins, lipids and genetic material between cells, they are especially suited to amplify their parental cell's message and overcome the physical constraints of cell-to-cell contact, that is exosome release gives cells the ability to alter distant, non-contiguous cells. As progress is made in this field, it has become increasingly obvious that exosomes are involved in most biological processes. In the immune system, exosomes are fundamental tools used by every immune cell type to fulfil its function and promote inflammation or tolerance. In this review, we first summarize key aspects of immune cell-specific exosomes and their functions. Then, we describe how exosomes have been shown to be indispensable orchestrators of the immune response in two immunological scenarios, namely transplant rejection or tolerance, and tumour evasion or initiation of anti-tumour immune responses.

The immune landscape of esophageal cancer

“…Other secreted proteins involved in the regulation of antitumor immunity in the TME, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), C–C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and C–C motif ligand 5 (CCL5), were also found in EC [40, 43, 44]. In addition to soluble secreted proteins, exosomes derived from tumor cells or stromal cells also play critical roles in the inhibition of antitumor immunity [45]. It has been shown that EC-derived exosomes have the ability to induce regulatory B cells, which produce TGF-β and thus suppress the proliferation and activities of CD8 + T cells [46].…”

Potential Use of Exosomes as Diagnostic Biomarkers and in Targeted Drug Delivery: Progress in Clinical and Preclinical Applications

“…Exosomes play an important role in immune regulation, eliciting both positive and negative “unwanted” immune responses, including tolerance and evasion. 160 − 162 Individually, exosomes can act as immunoregulating agents by modulating immune activation, antigen presentation, suppression, and surveillance. 163 − 166 The exact mechanisms for many of these actions are not entirely understood.…”

Extraction of Exosomes from Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients’ Blood Plasma

“…Молекулярный «груз» экзосом представляет особый интерес, поскольку он обогащен компонентами, полученными из плазматической мембраны родительской клетки. Везикулярное содержимое экзосом включает нуклеиновые кислоты, ферменты, цитокины, а также различные растворимые компоненты, которые отражают цитоплазматическое содержание родительской клетки [4,5]. Экзосомные мембраны обогащены тетраспанинами, которые организованы в обогащенные тетраспанином мембранные домены (TEMs) и, как полагают, играют ключевую роль в биогенезе экзосом [6].…”