Ru/TiO₂-catalysed hydrogenation of xylose: the role of the crystal structure of the support

Abstract

Lattice matching holds the secret to the Ru-catalysed hydrogenation of xylose to xylitol, a key reaction in practical biomass conversion.

Hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone over anatase-supported Ru catalysts: Effect of catalyst synthesis protocols on activity

“…This finding was attributed to a lowering of the average Ru particle size for the mild chemical treatment compared to calcination, leading to higher catalyst activities. The negative effect of a high temperature calcination step on the average Ru particle diameter (and catalytic activity) was also observed for the hydrogenation of o-xylene over Ru/TiO 2 , Ru/Al 2 O 3 and Ru/SiO 2 catalysts [46], again rationalized by agglomeration of Ru particles as a consequence of the high migration rates of RuO 2 species at elevated temperature [47,48].…”

Catalytic Hydrogenation of d-Xylose Over Ru Decorated Carbon Foam Catalyst in a SpinChem® Rotating Bed Reactor

“…Although the use of Ra-Ni is advantageous in terms of its low price and excellent catalytic activity [7,8], relative fast deactivation and leaching of toxic nickel [7,9] are major drawbacks of this type of catalysts. Supported Ru catalysts are advantageous due to its excellent selectivity and slower deactivation rate and has been considered as a promising alternative to Ra-Ni catalyst [9,10]. Upon searching for materials with higher activity and selectivity, several types of supported Ru catalyst like TiO 2 , NiO modified TiO 2 , zeotype materials and activated carbon have been investigated [8,[10][11][12].…”

“…Supported Ru catalysts are advantageous due to its excellent selectivity and slower deactivation rate and has been considered as a promising alternative to Ra-Ni catalyst [9,10]. Upon searching for materials with higher activity and selectivity, several types of supported Ru catalyst like TiO 2 , NiO modified TiO 2 , zeotype materials and activated carbon have been investigated [8,[10][11][12]. Nevertheless, the use of powder form catalysts that are dispersed as slurries often results in production of fine particles due to mechanical wear of particles.…”

Highly Selective Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid to γ-Valerolactone Over Ru/ZrO2 Catalysts

“…The nature of the support and the synthesis method influence the catalytic activity significantly in hydrogenation reactions [35]. Considering the relatively high cost and low availability of ruthenium, catalyst robustness is a key issue for any practical application [36].…”