Rubber Polymers for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Suksaeree, Jirapornchai; Pichayakorn, Wiwat; Monton, Chaowalit; Sakunpak, Apirak; Chusut, Tun; Saingam, Worawan

doi:10.1021/ie403619b

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…On the other hand, the release of small molecules from cross-linked natural rubber is also hindered due to the slow diffusion process. Thus, in addition to being a barrier to small molecules, natural rubber can also serve as the matrix material for delivery systems loaded with scents, drugs, and other functional molecules. − Nonetheless, release of small molecules is not always by design and desirable; for example, loss of plasticizers or other additives may lead to deterioration of the mechanical properties and resistance to adverse conditions of rubber materials . Therefore, studies on transport of small molecules in natural rubber are important for the design, production, and evaluation of natural rubber materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport of Small Molecules in Loaded Natural Rubber: Experimental Measurement and Numerical Simulation

Mefford

2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Small organic molecules such as plasticizers, antioxidants, and some active molecules such as scent/fragrance compounds and drug molecules are incorporated into natural rubber materials to modify their properties and processability or utilize them as carriers in delivery systems. The transport of those small molecules within the rubber can greatly alter the properties and performances of the loaded rubber materials. Thus, it is important to study the transport properties of those molecules in natural rubber matrices and the factors influencing how fast the molecules diffuse. In this work, vulcanized rubber sheets with three different cross-link densities loaded with eight small molecules with different boiling points, molecular weights, and chemical moieties were prepared. Desorption experiments were performed to determine the mass transfer coefficients and diffusion coefficients of those molecules, and the corresponding numerical models were built. Good agreements between experiments and numerical simulation were observed. It was found that the mass transfer coefficients of those small molecules decreased with increasing boiling points but remained practically constant among rubber sheets with different cross-link densities. The diffusion coefficients of those small molecules did not show evident correlation with their molecular weights, but their relationships with cross-link densities indicated that for some molecules there might be an optimal cross-link density where a small molecule reached its maximum diffusion coefficient. The resulting findings could be applied to a wide range of fields.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport of Small Molecules in Loaded Natural Rubber: Experimental Measurement and Numerical Simulation

Mefford

2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…They are used as packaging materials, tablet coatings to protect drugs from environmental factors, and matrix layers to control the release of the drug, among others. Polymer lms are also used in the preparation of transdermal formulations for delivering drugs to the skin, e.g., polymethylmethacrylate for lidocaine hydrochloride (1), ethyl cellulose blended with deproteinized natural rubber latex for ketoprofen patches (2), deproteinized natural rubber latex-based polymer blends (3)(4)(5)(6) and pectin-based polymer blends for nicotine patches (7)(8)(9), chitosan-based polymer blends for Thai herbal patches (10,11), and polydimethylsiloxane and ethylcellulose for centchroman patches (12). These polymeric matrix drug-containing lms can be used in treatment where drug release must be controlled and provide increased drug concentrations through the skin into the blood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent‐Cast Polymeric Films from Pectin and Eudragit® NE 30D for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

et al. 2021

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In this study, solvent-cast polymeric lms containing ionic liquid lidocaine/aspirin for transdermal patches were developed. Solvent-cast polymeric lms were prepared from two polymers, pectin and Eudragit ® NE 30D, by drying the polymeric solution in a hot air oven at 70 ± 3°C for 10 hrs. Glycerin was used as a plasticizer. Lidocaine and aspirin were prepared in ionic liquid form and loaded into the patches. The physicomechanical properties of the lms were characterized by texture analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction. A scanning electron microscope was used to photograph the surfaces of solvent-cast polymeric lms. Eudragit ® NE 30D signi cantly decreased the toughness and rigidity of the lms. The transdermal patches were in the amorphous state, and their thermal properties were not changed from blank polymeric lms. The surfaces of transdermal patches were rougher than blank polymeric lms and revealed the distribution of the drug. Eudragit ® NE 30D signi cantly decreased the trends of entrapment e ciency and in vitro release of lidocaine and aspirin drugs. The kinetic release observed in vitro tted to Higuchi's model rather than zero and rst order models, indicating that a diffusion mechanism governed the release of the drug from the patch. Thus, the solvent-cast polymeric lms from two polymers, pectin and Eudragit ® NE 30D, are suitable for transdermal patches loaded with ionic liquid lidocaine/aspirin.

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“…“Rubbers” are a member of a class of polymers known as “elastomers”, i.e., polymers that are characterized by large strain, low-modulus extensibility, and instantaneous and complete recovery after removal of the load. After stretching and deformation, they can return to the original shape. − The rubber retains an exclusive place in modern technology, due to its exceptional strength and tack in the prevulcanized state, and advanced crack-growth resistance and excellent mechanical performance once vulcanized. , The vulcanization process by which rubber is heated with sulfur and other additives to create a chemically cross-linked network was invented in 1839 by Charles Goodyear. − The unaccelerated vulcanization procedure applied elemental sulfur at 8 parts per 100 parts of rubber (8 phr) and an essential temperature of 143 °C for 6 h. It is desirable to accelerate the rate of vulcanization to lower energy/resource consumption and reach higher productivity. , By adding a few parts of the organic accelerators, the vulcanization time was reduced massively . Further, cross-linking formed a 3-D network structure, mainly coming from single, bisulfide, and polysulfide bonds, the yield of which depended on the quantities and forms of the vulcanization reagents and additives, such as the rubber precursors, activators (ZnO), fatty acids, accelerators, and antioxidants …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Performance of Rubber with Nano ZnO as Activators

Qin

Zhang

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The vulcanization of rubber is a chemical process to improve the mechanical properties by cross-linking unsaturated polymer chains. Zinc oxide (ZnO) acts as an activator, boosting the rubbers’ sulfur vulcanization. Maintaining the level of ZnO content in the rubber compounds as low as possible is desirable, not only for economic reasons but also to reduce the environmental footprint of the process. In this contribution, octylamine (OA) capped ZnO nanoparticles (5 nm diameter), prepared through a thermal decomposition method, were demonstrated to be efficient activators for the sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber, enabling the reduction of the required amount of ZnO as compared to commercial systems. The effect of different ZnO activators (OA capped ZnO/commercial indirect process ZnO) on the curing characteristics, cross-linking densities, and mechanical performance, as well as the thermal behavior of rubber compounds, were investigated. Compared to the commercial indirect process ZnO, OA capped ZnO nanoparticles not only effectively enhanced the curing efficiency of natural rubber but also improved the mechanical performance of the composites after vulcanization. This was interpreted as, by applying the OA capped ZnO nanoparticles, the ZnO levels in rubber compounding were significantly reduced under the industrial vulcanization condition (151 °C, 30 min).

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Rubber Polymers for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Cited by 33 publications

References 56 publications

Transport of Small Molecules in Loaded Natural Rubber: Experimental Measurement and Numerical Simulation

Transport of Small Molecules in Loaded Natural Rubber: Experimental Measurement and Numerical Simulation

Solvent‐Cast Polymeric Films from Pectin and Eudragit® NE 30D for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Enhancing the Performance of Rubber with Nano ZnO as Activators

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