Sad as a Matter of Choice? Emotion-Regulation Goals in Depression

Millgram, Yael; Joormann, Jutta; Huppert, Jonathan D.; Tamir, Maya

doi:10.1177/0956797615583295

Cited by 152 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…In RDoC terms, depression involves at least two major domains: increased negative affect, and decreased positive affect – corresponding to anhedonia and loss of interest as core features, and the “low PA” component of the tripartite model of depression and anxiety (Clark & Watson, 1991). Future work should explore whether emotion-regulation strategies that feed sadness levels heighten adolescent depression (e.g., Millgram, Joormann, Huppert, & Tamir, 2015). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Emotion Specificity and Mood Symptoms in an Adolescent Outpatient Sample

et al. 2016

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Research on positive emotion disturbance has gained increasing attention, yet it is not clear which specific positive emotions are affected by mood symptoms, particularly during the critical period of adolescence. This is especially pertinent for identifying potential endophenotypic markers associated with mood disorder onset and course. The present study examined self-reported discrete positive and negative emotions in association with clinician-rated manic and depressive mood symptoms in a clinically and demographically diverse group of 401 outpatient adolescents between 11–18 years of age. Results indicated that higher self reported joy and contempt were associated with increased symptoms of mania, after controlling for symptoms of depression. Low levels of joy and high sadness uniquely predicted symptoms of depression, after controlling for symptoms of mania. Results were independent of age, ethnicity, gender and bipolar diagnosis. These findings extend work on specific emotions implicated in mood pathology in adulthood, and provide insights into associations between emotions associated with goal driven behavior with manic and depressive mood symptom severity in adolescence. In particular, joy was the only emotion associated with both depressive and manic symptoms across adolescent psychopathology, highlighting the importance of understanding positive emotion disturbance during adolescent development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Emotion Specificity and Mood Symptoms in an Adolescent Outpatient Sample

et al. 2016

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“…Impaired emotion regulation is recognized as a characteristic feature of major depressive disorder (MDD; Rive et al , 2013; Berking et al , 2014; Joormann and Vanderlind, 2014; Lei et al , 2014; Millgram et al , 2015). Depressed individuals are less likely to use adaptive emotion regulation strategies like cognitive reappraisal : a form of regulation that involves re-interpreting the meaning of a negative stimulus or event in order to improve one’s mood (Garnefski et al , 2002; Ochsner and Gross, 2005; D’Avanzato et al , 2013; Gross, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard to look on the bright side: neural correlates of impaired emotion regulation in depressed youth

Stephanou

Davey

Kerestes

et al. 2017

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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The cognitive regulation of emotion is impaired in major depressive disorder and has been linked to an imbalance of pre-frontal–subcortical brain activity. Despite suggestions that this relationship represents a neurodevelopmental marker of depression, few studies have examined the neural correlates of emotion regulation in depressed youth. We combined a ‘cognitive reappraisal’ paradigm with functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the neural correlates of emotional regulation in a large sample of non-medicated depressed adolescents and young adults (n = 53) and healthy controls (n = 64). As compared with healthy controls, young people with depression were less able to reduce negative affect during reappraisal, which corresponded to blunted modulation of amygdala activity. While in healthy individuals amygdala activation was modulated by age, no such relationship was observed in depressed individuals. Heightened activation of the ventromedial pre-frontal cortex (vmPFC) and reduced activation of the dorsal midline cortex was also found for the depressed group. Overall, these findings suggest that brain systems that support cognitive reappraisal are functionally altered in youth depression. We argue that excessive engagement of the vmPFC in particular, may be central to understanding how the process of putting a ‘positive spin’ on negative emotional material may be altered in depressed youth.

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“…Depressed individuals may make more realistic inferences than do nondepressed people (Moore and Fresco, 2012). Moreover, Millgram, Joormann, Huppert and Tamir (2015) found that even after accounting for current sadness and happiness, people with depressive disorders chose to view sad images more frequently than did nondepressed individuals. Consequently, it is plausible that depressed people would report that their feelings should not be different, potentially reflecting the belief that it is others who should feel differently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The grass is not as green as you think: Affect evaluation in people with internalizing disorders

Thompson

Kircanski

Gotlib

2016

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Background Affect evaluation — how people evaluate their emotion experiences — has important implications for mental health. Methods We examined how 70 adults diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and/or Generalized Anxiety Disorder or no psychiatric disorders (control group) believe they should feel in the moment (should affect). We repeatedly assessed participants’ current affect and should affect over one week using experience sampling. To examine the psychometric properties of should affect, participants rated their level of rumination at each survey and completed trait measures of brooding and ideal affect at the lab. Results & Conclusions Independent of group status and current affect, participants reported that they should be feeling more positive affect and less negative affect. Even after accounting for mean affect, the clinical groups’ reports were generally more extreme than were those of the control group. We also documented good convergent and discriminant validity of should affect. We describe clinical implications and directions for future research.

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Sad as a Matter of Choice? Emotion-Regulation Goals in Depression

Cited by 152 publications

References 34 publications

Positive Emotion Specificity and Mood Symptoms in an Adolescent Outpatient Sample

Positive Emotion Specificity and Mood Symptoms in an Adolescent Outpatient Sample

Hard to look on the bright side: neural correlates of impaired emotion regulation in depressed youth

The grass is not as green as you think: Affect evaluation in people with internalizing disorders

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