Changes in levels of the stress-sensitive hormone cortisol from morning to evening are referred to as diurnal cortisol slopes. Flatter diurnal cortisol slopes have been proposed as a mediator between chronic psychosocial stress and poor mental and physical health outcomes in past theory and research. Surprisingly, neither a systematic nor a meta-analytic review of associations between diurnal cortisol slopes and health has been conducted to date, despite extensive literature on the topic. The current systematic review and meta-analysis examined associations between diurnal cortisol slopes and physical and mental health outcomes. Analyses were based on 179 associations from 80 studies for the time period up to January 31, 2015. Results indicated a significant association between flatter diurnal cortisol slopes and poorer health across all studies (average effect size, r = .147). Further, flatter diurnal cortisol slopes were associated with poorer health in 10 out of 12 subtypes of emotional and physical health outcomes examined. Among these subtypes, the effect size was largest for immune/inflammation outcomes (r = .288). Potential moderators of the associations between diurnal cortisol slopes and health outcomes were examined, including type of slope measure and study quality indices. The possible roles of flatter slopes as either a marker or a mechanism for disease etiology are discussed. We argue that flatter diurnal cortisol slopes may both reflect and contribute to stress-related dysregulation of central and peripheral circadian mechanisms, with corresponding downstream effects on multiple aspects of biology, behavior, and health.
Background
Children of depressed mothers are themselves at elevated risk for developing a depressive disorder. We have little understanding, however, of the specific factors that contribute to this increased risk. This study investigated whether never-disordered daughters whose mothers have experienced recurrent episodes of depression during their daughters’ lifetime differ from never-disordered daughters of never-disordered mothers in their processing of facial expressions of emotion.
Method
Following a negative mood induction, daughters completed an emotion identification task in which they watched faces slowly change from a neutral to a full-intensity happy, sad, or angry expression. We assessed both the intensity that was required to accurately identify the emotion being expressed and errors in emotion identification.
Results
Daughters of depressed mothers required greater intensity than did daughters of control mothers to accurately identify sad facial expressions; they also made significantly more errors identifying angry expressions.
Conclusion
Cognitive biases may increase vulnerability for the onset of disorders and should be considered in early intervention and prevention efforts.
Background
Child and adolescent psychopathology has been linked to increased
sleep problems, but there has been less investigation of this relationship
in younger samples with early-onset psychopathology. This study examined
three specific but commonly observed aspects of sleep behaviors in young
children-- 1. Sleep onset latency, 2. Refusal to sleep alone, and 3.
Nighttime awakenings -- measured during preschool, and investigated whether
these sleep problems predicted anxiety and/or depression across the next six
years until school age (ages 9–13).
Methods
Data were analyzed from N = 292 participants from a prospective
longitudinal study of preschool-age children (ages 3–6). At
baseline, parent-reported clinical interviews of psychiatric symptoms, as
well as sleep problems were conducted using the Preschool-Age Psychiatric
Assessment (PAPA). Follow-up clinical interviews were also conducted
annually through school-age using the Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric
Assessment (CAPA).
Results
Parent reported sleep onset latency and refusal to sleep alone were
significant independent predictors of MDD and anxiety severity, but not ADHD
severity across time, even after controlling for family income-to-needs
ratio and maternal internalizing psychopathology. In exploratory analyses
using only healthy preschoolers, parent reported sleep onset latency and
refusal to sleep alone also predicted anxiety severity.
Conclusions
We demonstrate that specific, yet relatively common sleep problems
predict diagnostic severity of depression and anxiety across time, but not
ADHD. Increased clinical attention to and screening for sleep onset latency
and refusal to sleep alone during preschool may be warranted.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.