Safety Evaluation of the FuelMaker Home Refueling Concept: Final Report

Waterland, L.R.; Powars, Charles; Stickles, P.

doi:10.2172/15014828

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Waterland et al measured time-varying values of ACH gar for three garages in Texas and California. [28] Average values of ACH gar were approximately 0.5 h -1 , 0.5 h -1 , and 0.2 h -1 . Together, these findings suggest that typical residential garages in North America have ACH gar values for ordinary weather conditions between 0.5 h -1 and 1 h -1 , with a most probable value near 0.7 h -1 .…”

Section: Overview Of Gas Exchange Rates In Partially Enclosed Spacementioning

confidence: 91%

Helium Dispersion in an Attached Single-Car Residential Garage with and Without Vehicle

Pitts¹,

Yang²,

Fernández³

et al. 2012

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The dispersion and loss of helium inside a single-car residential garage attached to a single-family house was experimentally characterized by recording time-resolved helium concentrations at multiple locations in the garage and at a single location in the house during and following helium releases near the floor of the garage. Helium served as a surrogate for hydrogen for safety reasons, and helium release rates were adjusted to provide the same constant volume flow rate as that required to release 5 kg of hydrogen over a four hour period.Supporting measurements included compartment leakage, temperature, and atmospheric wind conditions. Helium was released upwards either as momentum-or buoyancydominated flows. Experiments were performed with the garage empty or with one of two conventional mid-sized automobiles parked over the release location. Six tests with the garage naturally ventilated and six tests employing forced ventilation with a fan are described. A variety of parameters were used to characterize the mixing behavior. Conclusions emphasized include: a) the role of Froude number on helium mixing behavior, b) the development of upper and lower helium concentration layers in the garage during a release, c) the measurable, but limited, effects of atmospheric wind on the results, d) the relatively efficient transfer of helium from the garage into the house during the releases, e) the ability of a vehicle to trap a high helium concentration in the engine compartment and, particularly, the undercarriage during a helium release and the relatively rapid drop in these levels to those of the surrounding garage at the end of the release, f) the relatively slow buildup of helium in the passenger compartment and trunk of a vehicle during a helium release and subsequent slow decay following cessation of the flow, g) the effectiveness of active ventilation in reducing helium concentrations in the garage to levels below those corresponding to flammable concentrations of hydrogen, and h) the trapping of helium/air mixtures corresponding to highly flammable hydrogen mixtures inside the vehicles even when active garage ventilation was employed.

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Section: Overview Of Gas Exchange Rates In Partially Enclosed Spacementioning

confidence: 91%

Helium Dispersion in an Attached Single-Car Residential Garage with and Without Vehicle

Pitts¹,

Yang²,

Fernández³

et al. 2012

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“…The research study meets this requirement [30], which concluded that the permeation of polymeric materials is higher than the permeation of metallics materials. At steady state, the maximum allowable permeation flow is 6 Ncm 3 h −1 L −1 , being this value per liter of the internal volume of the container and, for safety reasons, it is intended to avoid a possible mixture between H 2 and air in closed spaces, assuming a minimum air renewal per hour of 0.03 [44]. Another factor to consider, according to [45], is the temperature, since it affects the permeation of H 2 through the walls.…”

Section: Regulations That Must Be Complied: Stepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Permeation Flowrate of an Innovative Way to Store Hydrogen in Vehicles

et al. 2021

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With the global warming of the planet, new forms of energy are being sought as an alternative to fossil fuels. Currently, hydrogen (H2) is seen as a strong alternative for fueling vehicles. However, the major challenge in the use of H2 arises from its physical properties. An earlier study was conducted on the storage of H2, used as fuel in road vehicles powered by spark ignition engines or stacks of fuel cells stored under high pressure inside small spheres randomly packed in an envelope tank. Additionally, the study evaluated the performance of this new storage system and compared it with other storage systems already applied by automakers in their vehicles. The current study aims to evaluate the H2 leaks from the same storage system, when inserted in any road vehicle parked in conventional garages, and to show the compliance of these leaks with European Standards, provided that an appropriate choice of materials is made. The system’s compliance with safety standards was proved. Regarding the materials of each component of the storage system, the best option from the pool of materials chosen consists of aluminum for the liner of the spheres and the envelope tank, CFEP for the structural layer of the spheres, and Si for the microchip.

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“…Various scenarios, operational conditions, and situations were simulated and analyzed to estimate the general safety level of HRS. To determine general safety level, requirements from ANSI standard [24,25] were applied. During the safety tests, the following sources of hazard were taken into consideration: The information about alarms in the system is additionally sent by SMS to the indicated telephone number.…”

Section: Safety Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigations and Operational Performance Analysis on Compressed Natural Gas Home Refueling System (CNG-HRS)

Kuczyński

Liszka²,

Łaciak

et al. 2019

Energies

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Compressed natural gas can be globally used as fuel for combustion engines to reduce CO2 emission without negative impact on economy. Lack of refueling infrastructure is one of reason why NGVs shares only ~1.6% in total vehicle fleet worldwide. Operational tests of CNG home fast refueling station were performed to investigate: (i) natural gas demand, m3/h; (ii) energy consumption, kW/h; and (iii) total cost of one refueling. Two scenarios for operational tests were developed to monitor and collect data. Safety tests for leakage, fill pressure change, interrupted power and gas supply, temperature, and unexpected failures were performed. This article present results of operational and safety tests of compressed natural gas home, fast refueling station (CNG-HRS) based on one stage hydraulic compressor. The average duration of HRS full operating cycle was 7 h and 32 min (buffering and refueling mode). The average electric energy and natural gas consumption for one full cycle was 5.52 kWh and 7.5 m3, respectively. Safety tests results for leakage, fill pressure change, interrupted power and gas supply, temperature and unexpected failures demonstrated valid operation of HRS which positively affects the general safety level. To compare HRS with large scale CNG refueling infrastructure the costs of 1 Nm3 CNG was estimated for both solutions. Results shows that home refueling appliance might be become a solution for filling the gap in CNG refueling infrastructure.

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Safety Evaluation of the FuelMaker Home Refueling Concept: Final Report

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Helium Dispersion in an Attached Single-Car Residential Garage with and Without Vehicle

Helium Dispersion in an Attached Single-Car Residential Garage with and Without Vehicle

Study of the Permeation Flowrate of an Innovative Way to Store Hydrogen in Vehicles

Experimental Investigations and Operational Performance Analysis on Compressed Natural Gas Home Refueling System (CNG-HRS)

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