Saliva collection via capillary method may underestimate arboviral transmission by mosquitoes

Gloria‐Soria, Andrea; Brackney, Doug E.; Armstrong, Philip M.

doi:10.1186/s13071-022-05198-7

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This may result in an overestimation of b, because too few mosquitoes are considered capable of transmitting virus (n). The method of detecting virus in saliva has imperfect sensitivity (Gloria-Soria et al, 2022). This was also demonstrated by the animal in the low exposure group that did become viremic after exposure to mosquitoes without detectable viral particles in saliva.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Quantifying Rift Valley fever virus transmission efficiency in a lamb-mosquito-lamb model

Bron

Wichgers-Schreur

Jong

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a (re)emerging mosquito-borne pathogen impacting human and animal health. How RVFV spreads through a population depends on population-level interactions between hosts and vectors (e.g., vector-to-host ratio and biting preference) and also on potential differences in individual following virus exposure (e.g., transmission efficiencies from host to vector and vice versa). Here, we estimated the probability for RVFV to transmit to naive animals by experimentally exposing lambs to a bite of an infectious mosquito (the transmission efficiency) and assessed if and how RVFV infection subsequently developed in the exposed animal. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, previously infected via feeding on a viremic lamb, were used to expose naive lambs to the virus. Lambs were either exposed to 1-3 (low exposure) or 7-9 (high exposure) infectious mosquitoes. All lambs in the high exposure group became viremic and showed characteristic signs of Rift Valley fever within 2-4 days post exposure. In contrast, 3 out of 12 lambs in the low exposure group developed viremia and disease, with similar peaks in viremia as the high exposure group but with some heterogeneity in the onset of viremia. These results suggest that the likelihood for successful infection of a ruminant host is affected by the number of infectious mosquitoes biting, but also highlights that a lamb can be infected by a single mosquito. The per bite mosquito-to-host transmission efficiency was estimated at 28% (95% confidence interval: 15 - 47%). We subsequently combined this transmission efficiency with estimates for mosquito life traits into a Ross-McDonald mathematical model to illustrate scenarios under which major RVFV outbreaks could occur in naive populations (i.e., R0 >1). The model revealed that for efficient RVFV transmission relatively high vector-to-host ratios as well as strong feeding preference for competent hosts are required. Altogether, this study highlights the importance of experiments that mimic natural exposure to RVFV. The experiments facilitate a better understanding of the natural progression of disease and a direct way to obtain epidemiological parameters for mathematical models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Quantifying Rift Valley fever virus transmission efficiency in a lamb-mosquito-lamb model

Bron

Wichgers-Schreur

Jong

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…aegypti. Saliva infection assays likely underrepresent transmission potential 65 , but our analyses of midgut and carcass infections suggest that Wolbachia infections will likely reduce DENV2 transmission.…”

Section: Wolbachia Infections Block Denv2 Replication and Disseminati...mentioning

confidence: 89%

DevelopingWolbachia-based disease interventions for an extreme environment

Ross

Elfékih

Collier

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Aedes aegypti mosquitoes carrying self-spreading, virus-blocking Wolbachia bacteria are being deployed to suppress dengue transmission. However, there are challenges in applying this technology in extreme environments. We introduced two Wolbachia strains into Ae. aegypti from Saudi Arabia for a release program in the hot coastal city of Jeddah. Wolbachia reduced infection and dissemination of dengue virus (DENV2) in Saudi Arabian mosquitoes and showed complete maternal transmission and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Wolbachia reduced mosquito heat tolerance and egg viability, with the Wolbachia strains showing differential thermal stability. Wolbachia effects were similar across mosquito genetic backgrounds but we found evidence of local adaptation, with Saudi Arabian mosquitoes having lower egg viability but higher adult desiccation tolerance than Australian mosquitoes. Genetic background effects will influence Wolbachia invasion dynamics, reinforcing the need to use local genotypes for mosquito release programs, particularly in extreme environments like Jeddah. Our comprehensive characterization of Wolbachia strains provides a foundation for Wolbachia-based disease interventions in harsh climates.

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“…However, the limited number of positive saliva samples detected may be influenced by the saliva collection technique or the presence of salivary gland infection barrier (SGIB) and SGEB (Gloria-Soria et al, 2016). Recent research has proposed that the presence of the virus in mosquito legs may be a more accurate predictor of transmission than the forced salivation method using a capillary tube (Gloria-Soria et al, 2022). Nevertheless, in our study, DER remained below 40%, requiring viral doses higher than those found in human viraemias to transmit the virus (Pinheiro et al, 1981;Long et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Mayaro virus vector competence of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) populations in Argentine using dose–response assays

Beranek,

Giayetto,

Fischer

et al. 2024

Medical Vet Entomology

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Mayaro virus (MAYV; Alphavirus: Togaviridae) is an emerging pathogen in Latin America, causing fever and polyarthritis. Sporadic outbreaks of MAYV have occurred in the region, with reported human cases being imported to Europe and North America. Although primarily a risk for those residing in the Amazon basin's tropical forests, recent reports highlight that urbanization would increase the risk of MAYV transmission in Latin America. Urban emergence depends on human susceptibility and the ability of mosquitos like Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit MAYV. Despite the absence of active MAYV transmission in Argentine, the risk of introduction is substantial due to human movement and the presence of Ae. aegypti in the region. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of different Argentine Ae. aegypti populations to MAYV genotype L (MAYV‐L) using dose–response assays and determine barriers to virus infection, dissemination and transmission. Immature mosquito stages were collected in Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario cities. Female Ae. aegypti (F2) were orally infected by feeding on five concentrations of MAYV‐L, ranging from 1.0 to 6.0 log10 PFU/mL. Abdomens, legs and saliva were analysed using viral plaque assays. Results revealed that MAYV‐L between infection and dissemination were associated with viral doses rather than the population origin. Infection rates varied between 3% and 65%, with a 50% infectious dose >5.5 log10 PFU/mL. Dissemination occurred at 39%, with a 50% dissemination dose of ~6.0 log10 PFU/mL. Dissemination among infected mosquitoes ranged from 60% to 86%, and transmission from disseminated mosquitoes ranged from 11% to 20%. Argentine Ae. aegypti populations exhibited a need for higher viral doses of MAYV‐L than those typically found in humans to become infected. In addition, only a small proportion of infected mosquitoes were capable of transmitting the virus. Understanding MAYV transmission in urban areas is crucial for public health interventions.

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Saliva collection via capillary method may underestimate arboviral transmission by mosquitoes

Cited by 30 publications

References 38 publications

Quantifying Rift Valley fever virus transmission efficiency in a lamb-mosquito-lamb model

Quantifying Rift Valley fever virus transmission efficiency in a lamb-mosquito-lamb model

DevelopingWolbachia-based disease interventions for an extreme environment

Assessment of Mayaro virus vector competence of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) populations in Argentine using dose–response assays

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