Salp25D, an<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>Antioxidant, Is 1 of 14 Immunodominant Antigens in Engorged Tick Salivary Glands

Das, Subrata; Banerjee, Gautam; DePonte, Kathleen; Marcantonio, Nancy; Kantor, Fred S.; Fikrig, Erol

doi:10.1086/323351

Cited by 142 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…3A). Electrophoretic separation of tick salivary gland extracts, followed by N-terminal analysis of immunodominant (23) and predominant (17) proteins, demonstrated previously that the Salp14 protein family has a mobility corresponding to Ϸ26 kDa. salp14 paralogs encode proteins with predicted molecular masses ranging between 9 and 11 kDa (17).…”

Section: Demonstration Of Gene Silencing By Western Blot Analysismentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Characterizations of tick salivary antigens have, therefore, been based on their ability to (i) induce skin hypersensitivity reaction on tick-resistant animals, (ii) react with anti-tick immune serum, (iii) modulate host immune responses, and (iv) thwart host hemostatic mechanisms (28). Although these approaches have identified several tick salivary proteins (11,14,16,23,(28)(29)(30)(31), an effective vaccine against I. scapularis ticks remains elusive. Recently, random sequencing of clones from an adult I. scapularis salivary gland cDNA library identified Ϸ100 I. scapularis genes (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To obtain tick-immune rabbits, three New Zealand White rabbits (Charles River Breeding Laboratories) were sensitized to ticks by three infestations with 30-40 adult ticks per animal, with a resting period of 21 days between challenges. To obtain tickimmune rabbit sera, the animals were killed 4 weeks after the final challenge and blood was collected by cardiac puncture (23).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference

Narasimhan

Montgomery

DePonte

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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120

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Ixodes scapularis ticks transmit many pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia microti. Vaccines directed against arthropod proteins injected into the host during tick engorgement could prevent numerous infectious diseases. Salp14, a salivary anticoagulant, poses a key target for such intervention. Salp14 is the prototypic member of a family of potential I. scapularis anticoagulants, expressed and secreted in tick saliva during tick feeding. RNA interference was used to assess the role of Salp14 in tick feeding. Salp14 and its paralogs were silenced, as demonstrated by the reduction of mRNA and protein specific for these antigens. Tick salivary glands lacking Salp14 had reduced anticoagulant activity, as revealed by a 60 -80% reduction of anti-factor Xa activity. Silencing the expression of salp14 and its paralogs also reduced the ability of I. scapularis to feed, as demonstrated by a 50 -70% decline in the engorgement weights. Because ticks have several anticoagulants, it is likely that the expression of multiple anticoagulants in I. scapularis saliva would have to be ablated simultaneously to abolish tick feeding. These studies demonstrate that RNA interference can silence I. scapularis genes and disrupt their physiologic function in vivo, and they identify vaccine candidates that can alter vector engorgement.

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Section: Demonstration Of Gene Silencing By Western Blot Analysismentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference

Narasimhan

Montgomery

DePonte

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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120

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“…These efforts are countered by an array of salivary gland proteins (Nuttall and Labuda 2003). One such is the antioxidant Salp25D, expressed in the midgut and salivary glands of the tick Ixodes scapularis Say (Das et al 2001). This tick is a vector for several pathogens including the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Johnson), causative agent of Lyme disease.…”

Section: Defensive Behaviour Of Infected Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfaction in vector-host interactions

Takken¹,

Knols²

2010

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“…The heat map in Fig 4D show that different anti-oxidants were detected in high abundance at different time points: ANCA in BD and SD, ANCB at 96 h, ANCC in SD, ANCD at 48 and 72 h, ANCE at 24 h and, ANCF at 120 h. It is interesting to note that some of the data in this study are consistent with previous observations. Glutathione peroxidase (AAK97814.1) previously found among immuno-dominant proteins in engorged I. scapularis [132] is among the 23 anti-oxidants that were found in SD saliva only (S3 Table and Fig 4D).…”

Section: Anti-oxidantsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Ixodes scapularistick saliva proteins sequentially secreted every 24h during blood feeding

Kim¹

2016

2016 International Congress of Entomology

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Ixodes scapularis is the most medically important tick species and transmits five of the 14 reportable human tick borne disease (TBD) agents in the USA. This study describes LC-MS/MS identification of 582 tick-and 83 rabbit proteins in saliva of I. scapularis ticks that fed for 24,48,72,96, and 120 h, as well as engorged but not detached (BD), and spontaneously detached (SD). The 582 tick proteins include proteases (5.7%), protease inhibitors (7.4%), unknown function proteins (22%), immunity/antimicrobial (2.6%), lipocalin (3.1%), heme/iron binding (2.6%), extracellular matrix/ cell adhesion (2.2%), oxidant metabolism/ detoxification (6%), transporter/ receptor related (3.2%), cytoskeletal (5.5%), and housekeeping-like (39.7%). Notable observations include: (i) tick saliva proteins of unknown function accounting for >33% of total protein content, (ii) 79% of proteases are metalloproteases, (iii) 13% (76/582) of proteins in this study were found in saliva of other tick species and, (iv) ticks apparently selectively inject functionally similar but unique proteins every 24 h, which we speculate is the tick's antigenic variation equivalent strategy to protect important tick feeding functions from host immune system. The host immune responses to proteins present in 24 h I. scapularis saliva will not be effective at later feeding stages. Rabbit proteins identified in our study suggest the tick's strategic use of host proteins to modulate the feeding site. Notably fibrinogen, which is central to blood clotting and wound healing, was detected in high abundance in BD and SD saliva, when the tick is preparing to terminate feeding and detach from the host. A remarkable tick adaptation is that the feeding lesion is completely healed when the tick detaches from the host. Does the tick concentrate fibrinogen at the feeding site to aide in promoting healing of the feeding lesion? Overall, these data provide broad insight into molecular mechanisms regulating different tick feeding phases. These data set the foundation for in depth I. scapularis tick feeding physiology and TBD transmission studies.PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |

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Salp25D, anIxodes scapularisAntioxidant, Is 1 of 14 Immunodominant Antigens in Engorged Tick Salivary Glands

Cited by 142 publications

References 48 publications

Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference

Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference

Olfaction in vector-host interactions

Ixodes scapularistick saliva proteins sequentially secreted every 24h during blood feeding

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