Salt‐induced modulation in inorganic nutrients, antioxidant enzymes, proline content and seed oil composition in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Abstract

Overall, high salt tolerance of Safflower-39 could be attributed to Na(+) and Cl(-) exclusion, high accumulation of K(+) and free proline, enhanced CAT activity, seed oil α-tocopherols and palmitic acid contents.

Salt and drought stresses in safflower: a review

“…Safflower seed and oil yield were not affected with increase in electrical conductivity of soil, but the oil content and 1000-seed weight were increased slightly with increase in soil salinity (Bassil and Kaffka 2002). Siddiqi et al (2011) found a decrease in seed yield, number of seed per capitula, and 1000-seed weight while α-tocopherols, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid contents were not affected. The application of 50 mM NaCl decreased the total lipid contents in both roots and aerial parts with great variations in the fatty acid profile.…”

“…These imbalances may result from the effect of salinity on nutrient availability, competitive uptake, transport, and/or partitioning within the plant caused by physiological inactivation of a given nutrient resulting in increased plant's internal requirement for that essential element (Marschner 1995). In salt-affected soils, excessive buildup of Na + and Cl − ions in the rhizosphere leads to severe nutritional imbalance in safflower due to strong interference of these ions with other essential mineral elements such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) (Hu and Schmidhalter 1998;Siddiqi et al 2011). Na + is the principal toxic ion, which interferes with potassium uptake and transport in safflower leading to disturbance in stomatal modulations and causing water loss and necrosis (Siddiqi et al 2011).…”

“…In salt-affected soils, excessive buildup of Na + and Cl − ions in the rhizosphere leads to severe nutritional imbalance in safflower due to strong interference of these ions with other essential mineral elements such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) (Hu and Schmidhalter 1998;Siddiqi et al 2011). Na + is the principal toxic ion, which interferes with potassium uptake and transport in safflower leading to disturbance in stomatal modulations and causing water loss and necrosis (Siddiqi et al 2011). Competition between potassium and sodium under salt stress severely reduces potassium content in both leaves and roots of safflower (Kaya et al 2011).…”

“…The salinity decreased germination percentage, germination rate, length and weight of root and shoot, and protein content while proline content, malondialdehyde content (MDA), catalase, and peroxidase activity increased at 10.8 dS m −1 (Jabeen and Ahmad 2013 /Na + ratios and seed yield, 100-seed weight, number of seeds and seed oil contents (Siddiqi et al 2011). The role of proline during osmotic stress has also been proved through transgenic approaches.…”

Morphological and biochemical changes in response to salinity in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) cultivars

“…Our results show that increasing the NaCl concentration significantly reduced the activity of GR and APX activities in all sunflower cultivars except for SOD activity compared to control (Table 6). Glutathione reductase (GR) is a potential enzyme of the ASH-GSH cycle and plays an essential role in the defense system against ROS by sustaining the reduced status of GSH (Gill and Tuteja, 2010 (Siddiqi et al, 2011;Çulha Erdal and Çakirlar, 2014) and sunflower (Rios-Gonzales et al, 2002;Jabeen Accepted paper and Ahmad, 2012). According to our results, SOD seems to be more sensitive in the antioxidative process of salt stressed sunflower plants and more active in cv.…”