Sanitary Significance of Cocci in Swimming Pools

Ritter, Cassandra; Treece, E. Lee

doi:10.2105/ajph.38.11.1532

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Indeed there is strong evidence to the contrary. Eitter and Treece (1) showed that Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus salivarius, and the enterococci were 5 to 20 times more resistant to chlorine than the coliform bacteria. Favero (2) and Favero and Drake (S) showed that S. aureus was relatively more resistant to chlorine than Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Staphylococci as Indicators of Swimming Pool Pollution

Favero¹,

Drake²,

Randall³

1964

Public Health Reports (1896-1970)

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Staphylococci as Indicators of Swimming Pool Pollution

Favero¹,

Drake²,

Randall³

1964

Public Health Reports (1896-1970)

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“…The most common indicator of the quality of recreational water is the fecal coliform index. However, its usefulness in determining the safety of swimming pool waters has been debated for some time (Inhorn et al, 1973;Ritter and Treece, 1948). One advantage of the fecal coliform standard is that the organisms can be readily estimated using either the multiple-tube dilution method or the membrane filtration technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial indicators to estimate the health hazards associated with the use of swimming pools

Seyfried

1989

Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual.

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A total of 200 swimming pools, including one wading pool, were monitored for specific bacteria to select the most appropriate water quality indicators for a proposed prospective epidemiological survey of swimming pools. The organisms included in the study were fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp., and total plate counts of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. The results indicated that fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and Acinetobacter spp. have limited use as water quality parameters because of their naturally low densities in pools. Total plate counts, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus appeared to be the indicators of choice because they were either present in large numbers, were opportunistic pathogens, or had a varied susceptibility to chlorine. The study showed that P. aeruginosa has an added advantage as an indicator because it can be typed using serological and genotyping methods.

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“…1916; Houston, 1910Houston, , 1931Houston, , 1932Ostrolenk, Kramer & Cleverdon, 1947;Ritter & Treece, 1948;Ingram, 1952;Allen, Grindley & Brooks, 1953) support the view that counts of Bacterium coli and Str. faecalis together probably constitute a better index of faecal pollution than examination for either organism alone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…faecalis nor even for streptococci (cf. France & Fuller, 1940;Ritter & Treece, 1948). Hannay & Norton (1947) used a glucose broth containing Enumeration of Streptococcus faecalis 0-025 % sodium azide and 0 3 % yeast extract, and a temperature of incubation of 450 C. for enumerating streptococci in river water.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enumeration ofStreptococcus faecalis, with particular reference to polluted waters

Allen¹,

Pierce²,

Smith³

1953

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Factors affecting the growth ofStreptococcus faecalison glucose-yeast extract-sodium azide agar have been studied. Both the high temperature of incubation used (45° C.) and the presence of azide reduced the proportion of cells able to form colonies, the inhibitory action being much more marked with cultures which had become attenuated, either through age or through prolonged immersion in water, than with comparatively young and vigorous cultures. This inhibitory action was found to be largely overcome if the inoculum was subjected to a preliminary period of ‘resuscitation’, by incubating it with double-strength glucose broth before adding the azide-agar portion of the medium and allowing the mixture to set.Neutral red was so inhibitory to some strains ofStr. faecalisthat it could not be included in the medium. Phosphate, as the potassium salt at a concentration of 0.7%, if autoclaved with the remaining constituents of the medium, exerted a depressing effect on the counts. Added separately it showed no inhibitory action.The spinning-bottle technique (Allenet al.1952) was adapted forStr. faecalis. When used for samples containing a mixed flora the method, described in the Appendix, permitted the growth only ofStr. faecalis.This paper is published by permission of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

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Sanitary Significance of Cocci in Swimming Pools

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Use of Staphylococci as Indicators of Swimming Pool Pollution

Use of Staphylococci as Indicators of Swimming Pool Pollution

Bacterial indicators to estimate the health hazards associated with the use of swimming pools

Enumeration ofStreptococcus faecalis, with particular reference to polluted waters

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