Sarcopenic obesity is closely associated with metabolic syndrome

Muscle loss and obesity: the health implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

“…Sarcopenic obesity (based on skeletal muscle assessed by DXA and obesity measured by either computerised tomography, DXA, BMI or WC) was associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, higher fasting glucose levels, a higher risk of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, and up to an 8-fold increase in risk of the metabolic syndrome compared with non-sarcopenic, non-obese (48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55) . Similar findings were reported in a community-dwelling sample of Taiwanese older adults; sarcopenic obesity (defined by BIA-measured muscle mass and BMI) was associated with the highest risk of metabolic syndrome (56) . In a large cross-sectional analysis of over 14 000 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, the sarcopenic obese group (defined by BIA-measured muscle mass and BMI) had the highest risk of insulin resistance and dysglycaemia (57) .…”

Association between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular risk: where are we?

“…When ASM/height (2) was used for evaluation of sarcopenia in this population, an association was identified between SO and increased on the low density lipoprotein (LDL) (p = 0.032) (6). Other methods for SO defining how the SMI by DEXA associated with VFA (11,19) and MM Index (SMI) by BIA and BMI (≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) (13) also demonstrated associations between SO and increase of TC (13) and TGL (11,13,19) and reduced HDL (11,19). The use of handgrip strength (HS) (16) for defining sarcopenia and visceral fat rate/MM thigh relationships (33) or regard MM skeletal/visceral fat also demonstrated an association between SO and elevation of TGL (23,33), TC (23), LDL (23) and low HDL (16,23,33).…”

“…The sarcopenic obese group also had the highest percentage of individuals using antihypertensive drugs (44). Studies using the SMI (13,20) to define sarcopenia and BMI (13) and the fat mass (FM) percentage (20) for definition of obesity, identified the association with hypertension only for the obese group (1,20). Others that used HS (16), regression equations (17) or the SMI adjusted for height (6) to define sarcopenia, showed no difference among the groups (obese, sarcopenic, sarcopenic obesity and normals individuals) (6,16,17).…”

“…The strong relationship between SO and MetS has been little explored, but it is known that the inflammatory process plays a key role in this respect because it is associated with increased AT and MM deficit and insulin resistance, favoring the altered metabolism (13). Studies using diagnostic sarcopenia ASM adjusted for body mass (7,11,14,45) or the height (4,6) and the SMI by BIA (13) and by DEXA (11), and the obesity diagnosis by percentage of FM (4,6), VFA (7,11), BMI (13,14) and WC (45), showed that individuals with SO had higher prevalence of MetS compared to groups regardless of sex (4,11,14,45) and only when compared to normal subjects (6). The SO also showed an association with components of MetS (13) and the amount of components (6) presented by subjects with the syndrome.…”

“…The main changes of BC are related to excess of adipose tissue (AT) and/or the deficit of muscular mass (MM), defined as obesity, sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity (SO), when both conditions appear simultaneously (1). The prevalence of SO has increased in industrialized countries due to the high number of cases of obesity and sarcopenia in obese people, ranging from 4.4% to 42.9%, depending on the diagnostic methods and on the studied population (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). There is not a consensus between the definition and classification of SO, and this gap contributes to the inconsistent findings in its association with clinical outcomes (22)(23)(24).…”