Saturation of energy levels in analytical atomic fluorescence spectrometry—I. Theory

Toward a Fuller Understanding of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry

“…2,30,31 The same optical arrangement is employed for these experiments as for those involving Thomson scattering.…”

Saturation of energy levels in analytical atomic fluorescence spectrometry—II. Experimental

“…Fig. 5), rather than the square pulse shape assumed in the model presented in Part I of this study (26). Therefore, it is important to evaluate which time during the excitation process is best for determining the excited-state population (i.e.…”

“…Therefore, to obtain an experimental measurement of the upper state population which corresponds most closely to the theoretical model (26), it would seem most reasonable to probe the fluorescence generated by the excited atoms at a time corresponding to the peak of the Gaussian laser pulse (32). However, because any real measurement system must sample the fluorescence for a finite time interval, it must be expected that some error will be introduced during il such sampling by the portion of the sampled interval during which the exci-tation pulse power has fallen substantially below its peak value (32).…”

Plasma Diagnostics through Kinetic Modelling: Characterization of Matrix Effects during ICP and Flame Atomic Spectrometry in terms of Collisional Radiative Recombination Activation Energy?A Review

“…Computed emission tomography enables the display of the full three-dimensional structure of the plasma torch [18,19]. Laser-induced saturated fluorescence yields time-resolved spatial maps of ground state analyte atoms and ions, as well as argon excited states [29,30]. Passive spectroscopic methods simply observe the radiation emitted by the plasma [18,19,31], and have been used to study (a) vertical and radial profiles of interference effects, (b) the effects of varying the interferents, (c) effect of varying rf power, (d) nebulizer effects, and (e) shifts in ionization equilibria [2,[32][33][34][35][36].…”

“…Key parameters in this approach to plasma diagnostics are the electron number density (n e ), electron temperature (T e ), the gas kinetic temperature (T g ) and the argon atom number density (n Ar ). The methods employed involve a combination of Thomson scattering [20][21][22][23][24][25], Rayleigh scattering, computed emission topography [26][27][28] and laser-induced saturated fluorescence [29,30]. Thomson scattering enables measurement of T e and n e .…”