Sb2S3-based conversion-alloying dual mechanism anode for potassium-ion batteries

Abstract

The large volume expansion and sluggish dynamic behavior are the key bottleneck to suppress the development of conversion-alloying dual mechanism anode for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, Sb 2 S 3 nanorods encapsulated by reduced graphene oxide and nitrogen-doped carbon (Sb 2 S 3 @rGO@NC) are constructed as anodes for PIBs. The synergistic effect of dual physical protection and robust C-Sb chemical bonding boosts superior electrochemical kinetics and great electrode stability. Thus, Sb 2 S 3 @rGO@NC exhibits a high initial charge capacity of 505.6 mAh$g À1 at 50 mA$g À1 and a great cycle stability with the lifetime over 200 cycles at 200 mA$g À1 . Ex situ XRD, XPS, and TEM characterizations confirm that the electrode undergoes a multielectron transfer process (Sb 2 S 3 4 Sb + K 2 S 4 KSb + K 3 Sb), where K-ion insert into/extract from the material via dual mechanisms of conversion and alloying. This work sheds a light on the construction of high-performance anode materials and the understanding of K-ion storage mechanism.

Boosting the Rate Performance and Capacity of Sb2S3 Nanorods Cathode by Carbon Coating in All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries

“…[23] The two characteristics of peaks located at 532.2 and 533.8 eV correspond to the binding energy of Sb-LSPSCl and Sb-C (Figure S5b1, Supporting Information), respectively. [24] As shown in Figure S5c1 (Supporting Information), the Li 1s spectrum of the initial Sb 2 S 3 @C-LSPSCl-C electrode has one peak at 56.4 eV, which corresponds to the binding energy of LSPSCl. For the S spectrum (Figure S5d, Supporting Information), three characteristic peaks located at 161.9, 163.4 and 164.8 eV (Figure S5d1, Supporting Information), correspond to the binding energy of S 2and LSPSCl.…”

“…[ 23 ] The two characteristics of peaks located at 532.2 and 533.8 eV correspond to the binding energy of Sb‐LSPSCl and Sb‐C (Figure S5b1, Supporting Information), respectively. [ 24 ]…”

Recent Progress on Sb‐ and Bi‐based Chalcogenide Anodes for Potassium‐Ion Batteries

“…Chong et al using ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Figure 2d) obtain the peak shift of SbÀ S bond to higher bonding energy indicating the conversion reaction. [42] Notably, the converted region containing K x S + Sb has poor crystallinity which increases the difficulty of analyzing the reaction mechanism between metal chalcogenides with K + . To better understand what happens between chalcogens and K + , an analysis method that does not rely on crystallinity should be proposed.…”

“…For example, Chong et al reported Sb 2 S 3 nanorods encapsulated by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and dopamine induced Nitrogen-doped carbon (Sb 2 S 3 @rGO@NC). [42] Sb 2 S 3 @rGO was prepared by onestep solvothermal method, treated with dopamine polymerization, and calcinated at 500 °C to obtain Sb 2 S 3 @rGO@NC. The nitrogen doped carbon can improve K + adsorption and diffusion because of more carbon defects generated.…”

“…(d) Ex‐situ XPS of Sb 2 S 3 @rGO@NC during charge process. Reproduced with permission [42] . Copyright 2021, Elsevier.…”