Scalable and Reliable Sensor Network Routing: Performance Study from Field Deployment

Abstract

Abstract-Scalable and reliable routing is a critical issue in sensor network deployment. A number of approaches have been proposed for sensor network routing, but sensor field implementation tends to be lacking in the literature. In our study, the problems of scalability and reliability in sensor network routing are addressed through a simple but powerful scheme implemented on Mica2 motes running TinyOS along with other, more widely-used routing protocols. Motes are tested in an outdoor sensor field, and detailed experiments are carried out for performance analysis. This paper presents the implementation details and the results obtained from head-to-head comparison of routing protocols. The proposed protocol delivers 93 % of packets injected at a rate of one packet per second in networks with end to end hop distances of over 10 hops-a result which significantly improves upon results from the standard TinyOS routing implementation of MINTRoute. The promising results can be explained by the key protocol properties of reliability (via multi-path redundancy), scalability (with efficiently contained flooding), and flexibility (source-tunable per-packet priority) which are achieved without adding protocol complexity or resource consumption. These strengths enable the protocol to outperform even sophisticated link estimation based protocols especially in adverse outdoor sensor field environments.

A Survey on Opportunistic Routing in Wireless Communication Networks

“…The selection of the best next forwarder among the candidate relays should also maximize the transmission gains, measured in terms of the selected performance metric (e.g., reliability, throughput, end-to-end delay, energy saving, etc.). The relay selection process may be performed in a deterministic [22], [27], [29], [39] or a probabilistic fashion [23], [24], [70], [71]. Priority-based selection is the most common deterministic relay selection technique.…”

“…Indeed, in the OPRAH protocol [22], each node in a prebuilt forwarding mesh structure must definitely serve as a forwarder. Probabilistic relay selection [23], [24], [72], on the other hand, performs a random relay selection. In fact, each candidate relay that receives the packet decides its own probability of forwarding it on.…”

“…The CTF packet transmission is scheduled using a distance-based timer so that the receiver with the least distance to destination replies first. Once done, the source node sends the data packet to this selected candidate [26] ExOR [18] Epidemic [81] Utility-based PHY-Aware GeRaF [27] Economy [35] Spray and Wait [82] Consort [59] ILOR [66] HGR [28] MORE [33] FPOR [45] OMNC [58] Parallel-OR [87] GOR [29] Code OR [73] OR-Flood [70] O3 [53] TLG-OR [80] MGOR [30] Slide OR [74] Delegation Fwd [84] OpRENU [88] SPOR [76] LAOR [54] XCOR [89] EBR [85] TOUR [46] TDiCOR [37] POR [31] CCACK [52] MaxOpp [90] DICE [91] CORMAN [25] TLG-OR [80] O3 [53] OPF [71] COR [48] LinGo [92] SOAR [34] OOF [86] Learning-based HS-OR [93] ROMER [23] OAPF [43] AdaptOR [62] EEOR [50] DTRP [24] ORL [94] OPRAH …”

Opportunistic routing for enhanced source-location privacy in wireless sensor networks

“…A number of other opportunistic routing protocols have been proposed [39][40][41][42][43]. CodingAware Opportunistic Routing Mechanism (CORE) [39] is an integration of localized interflow network coding and opportunistic routing.…”

Characterizing link and path reliability in large-scale wireless sensor networks

“…If the sensor nodes are not within the communication range of the final destination, then the other sensor nodes act as relay nodes (routers) and forward the messages from the originating sensor nodes to the final destination through a path or multiple paths. The success of many WSN applications (particularly mission-critical ones) depends on the reliable and efficient transmission of the sensory data from the original sources to the final destination(s) [3], [4], [5]. Accordingly, the research community has been paying significant attention to the design and implementation of reliable data transport (RDT) protocols in WSNs, as we review in Section II.…”