Scalable production of electrochemically exfoliated graphene by an extensible electrochemical reactor with encapsulated anode and dual cathodes

Superior Instant Heating and Electrothermal Performances of Interconnected Graphene-Expanded Graphite-Based Electric Heating Composite

“…Conventional methods of graphene application require further separation of graphene from the exfoliated mixture by separation techniques, a process that is often not easy to achieve economically. 35 Generally, these separated expanded graphite sheets are disposed of as waste. For the electric heating composites, graphene and graphite are both excellent carbon-based conductive fillers.…”

“…In practical production, expanded graphite sheets will inevitably coexist as a by-product with graphene in the exfoliated mixture. Conventional methods of graphene application require further separation of graphene from the exfoliated mixture by separation techniques, a process that is often not easy to achieve economically . Generally, these separated expanded graphite sheets are disposed of as waste.…”

Insights into the Conductive Network of Electrochemical Exfoliation with Graphite Powder as Starting Raw Material for Graphene Production

“…As an alternative, electrochemical exfoliation, a top-down method with graphite as raw material, has attracted considerable critical attention in recent years benefiting from its advantages of easy operation, cost-effectiveness, environmentally benign nature, and accurate regulation of graphene qualities, which is considered a potential method to accomplish the large-scale and low-cost production of high-quality graphene. − Graphene is usually obtained by the intercalation of anions or cations into graphite interlayers in graphite electrode driven by an electric field, which results in the expansion of graphite and following exfoliation of few-layer graphene from graphite. − At present, most of the relevant research related to the electrochemical exfoliation method primarily employs bulk graphite monoliths as raw materials, such as graphite foil, graphite rod, and graphite flake. ,− Relatively speaking, the graphite particles or graphite powders are more available commercially, and the corresponding manufacturing cost is lower compared with that of bulk graphite monolith. − For example, the average prices of graphite powder (50 mesh) and graphite foil (thickness 1 mm) are approximately 7000 and 35000 RMB per ton, respectively, according to several retailers in the Taobao Mall. In addition to the natural graphite powder, a large amount of residual and waste graphite powder is also generated during the industrial manufacturing, such as the spent graphite anodes from lithium ion batteries.…”