Schedule-controlled behavior: positive reinforcement

Haaren, Frans van

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-81444-9.50009-2

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The effects of d-amphetamine on overall response rates ( Figure 2) were similar to those obtained previously for behavior maintained by interval schedules of positive reinforcement: At lower doses, amphetamine had no effect or increased the overall rate of key pecking, but at higher doses, amphetamine generally decreased the overall rate of key pecking (see van Haaren, 1993). Amphetamine did not, however, produce the shifts in the timing functions that are predicted by the neuropharmacological model of timing (Meck, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Effects of D‐amphetamine in a Temporal Discrimination Procedure: Selective Changes in Timing or Rate Dependency?

Odum

Lieving

Schaal

2002

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Two experiments evaluated rate dependency and a neuropharmacological model of timing as explanations of the effects of amphetamine on behavior under discriminative control by time. Four pigeons pecked keys during 60-trial sessions. On each trial, the houselight was lit for a particular duration (5 to 30 s), and then the key was lit for 30 s. In Experiment 1, the key could be lit either green or blue. If the key was lit green and the sample was 30 s, or if the key was lit blue and the sample was 5 s, pecks produced food on a variable-interval 20-s schedule. The rate of key pecking increased as a function of sample duration when the key was green and decreased as a function of sample duration when the key was blue. Acute d-amphetamine (0.1 to 3.0 mg/kg) decreased higher rates of key pecking and increased lower rates of key pecking as predicted by rate dependency, but did not shift the timing functions leftward (toward overestimation) as predicted by the neuropharmacological model. These results were replicated in Experiment 2, in which the key was lit only one color during sessions, indicating that the effects were not likely due to disruption of discriminative control by key color. These results are thus consistent with rate dependency but not with the predictions of the neuropharmacological model.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Effects of D‐amphetamine in a Temporal Discrimination Procedure: Selective Changes in Timing or Rate Dependency?

Odum

Lieving

Schaal

2002

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…The QL value for each 5-min interval reflects the point in the 5-min interval at which 25% of the total number of responses during an interval has been emitted. A QL value provides a concise and accurate mathematical description of the acceleration in responding throughout the fixed interval (van Haaren 1993). QL values greater than 0.25 (or 25%) are indicative of a positively accelerated rate of responding within the interval (van Haaren 1993).…”

Section: Calculations and Statistical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A QL value provides a concise and accurate mathematical description of the acceleration in responding throughout the fixed interval (van Haaren 1993). QL values greater than 0.25 (or 25%) are indicative of a positively accelerated rate of responding within the interval (van Haaren 1993). Based on measured individual body weights and intakes of fluid, the daily fluid intake in ml/kg was calculated in water-and caffeine-drinking rats.…”

Section: Calculations and Statistical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral effects of nicotine, amphetamine and cocaine under a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement in rats chronically exposed to caffeine

Jaszyna

Gąsior

Shoaib³

et al. 1998

Psychopharmacology

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Epidemiological surveys demonstrate that caffeine, the main psychoactive ingredient of coffee, is a positive correlate in drug abuse. To characterize the behavioral nature of caffeine interactions with other psychomotor stimulants, we examined the effects of chronic caffeine exposure on the behavioral responses to nicotine, amphetamine, cocaine, the selective D1 agonist SKF-82958 and the selective D2 receptor agonist NPA, in rats responding under a fixed interval (FI) schedule of food reinforcement. Following stabilization of rates and temporal patterns of responding (mathematically expressed as quarter-life values, QL), twenty-one Sprague-Dawley rats responding under a 5-min FI schedule of food reinforcement were divided into two groups; one (twelve rats) maintained on tap water (control) and the other (nine rats) on caffeine (3 mg/ml added to the drinking water). Following the substitution of caffeine solution for tap water, behavior was temporarily disrupted as evidenced by decreases in responding and QL values which reached a maximum after 72 h (rate 60% and QL 30% below baseline levels). Rats developed complete tolerance to these effects of caffeine over 5 days of caffeine exposure. After response rate and QL values stabilized, effects of drugs were evaluated. Nicotine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg; SC), amphetamine (0.1-5.6; IP), and cocaine (1.0-17; IP) each produced biphasic dose-dependent changes in response rate with maximum increases in response rate following intermediate doses and decreases in response rates following higher doses. The increase in rates of responding produced by amphetamine or cocaine (but not nicotine) were greater (P<0.05) in caffeine-drinking than in water-drinking rats. Both SKF-82958 (0.001-0.3 mg/kg; IP) and NPA (0.0001-0.1; IP) produced only dose-dependent decreases in rates of responding. Caffeine-drinking rats were less sensitive to the rate-depressant effects of SKF-82958 (P<0.05) than water-drinking rats. However, similar changes (P>0.05) were produced by NPA in both groups. Except for amphetamine, the remaining drugs produced similar (P>0.05) dose-dependent decreases in QL values in water- and caffeine-drinking rats. Amphetamine produced smaller decreases in QL values in caffeine-drinking rats than in water-drinking rats (P<0.05). Chronic exposure to caffeine produced complete insurmountable tolerance to the response-rate increasing (stimulant) effects of acute caffeine (3.0-17 mg/kg; IP) in caffeine-drinking rats. In conclusion, our study revealed that chronic caffeine exposure potentiates the behavioral response to amphetamine and cocaine but not to that of nicotine in rats responding under a FI schedule of food reinforcement. Thus, it is likely that these effects are mediated through different pharmacological mechanisms.

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“…Behavioral pharmacologists usually study the behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs in subjects who do not have a prior history of drug exposure unless, of course, the experimental question centers on the interactions among drug history, acute drug administration, and manipulation of other variables in a subject's current environment. A substantial literature suggests that the behavioral effects of psychopharmacological agents may vary as a function of a subject's history of drug exposure (Poling, 2000;van Haaren, 1993b). In basic research, for instance, subjects frequently have been observed to develop tolerance to the behavioral effects of a drug after prolonged exposure (i.e., the drug's behavioral effects diminish over time and are different compared to when the subject first received the drug; van Haaren, 1994;van Haaren & Anderson, 1994).…”

Section: Provide Complete Information With Respect To the Subjects' Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experimental analysis of the behavioral effects of pharmacological agents in applied behavior analysis ought to be informed by the basic principles of behavioral pharmacology, the branch of the experimental analysis of behavior that is dedicated to the study of the effects of drug administration and its interaction with other environmental variables on the behavior of individual subjects (for an extensive review of its methods, see van Haaren, 1993a). In this context we offer some guidelines that would, in our opinion, enhance the methodological rigor of behavioral pharmacological research published in JABA.…”

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confidence: 99%

Some Guidelines for Conducting Research in Applied Behavioral Pharmacology

Haaren

Weeden

2013

Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

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The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) has published a number of articles on the behavioral effects of psychomotor stimulant drugs in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Some additional JABA publications have included investigations of the behavioral effects of other drugs. However, a review of these articles revealed many methodological differences among studies, which makes it difficult to evaluate the relative contribution of each research effort to the overall database. In this context, we offer some guidelines to solidify the methodological rigor of behavior pharmacological research published in JABA.

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Schedule-controlled behavior: positive reinforcement

Cited by 14 publications

References 47 publications

Effects of D‐amphetamine in a Temporal Discrimination Procedure: Selective Changes in Timing or Rate Dependency?

Effects of D‐amphetamine in a Temporal Discrimination Procedure: Selective Changes in Timing or Rate Dependency?

Behavioral effects of nicotine, amphetamine and cocaine under a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement in rats chronically exposed to caffeine

Some Guidelines for Conducting Research in Applied Behavioral Pharmacology

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