Scheduled feeding results in adipogenesis and increased acylated ghrelin

Verbaeys, Isabelle; Tolle, Virginie; Swennen, Quirine; Zizzari, Philippe; Buyse, Johan; Epelbaum, Jacques; Cokelaere, Marnix

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00551.2010

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The mechanisms through which hippocampal ghrelin signaling stimulates feeding remain to be established. Data from both humans [137, 138] and animal models [126, 139, 140] are consistent with the notion that ghrelin increases food intake by acting as a signal for meal initiation. Given that the hippocampus is necessary for utilizing interoceptive energy status cues to modulate food-directed/appetitive responding, and given that hippocampal damage profoundly increases meal frequency [109], GHSR signaling in the hippocampus may modulate feeding by increasing how effectively environmental cues trigger food-related memories and stimulate meal initiation.…”

Section: Higher-order Learning Processes and Feedingsupporting

confidence: 60%

Cognitive and neuronal systems underlying obesity

Kanoski

2012

Physiology & Behavior

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Since the late 1970’s obesity prevalence and per capita food intake in the USA have increased dramatically. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the hyperphagia that drives obesity requires focus on the cognitive processes and neuronal systems controlling feeding that occurs in the absence of metabolic need (i.e., "non-homeostatic” intake). Given that a portion of the increased caloric intake per capita since the late 1970’s is attributed to increased meal and snack frequency, and given the increased pervasiveness of environmental cues associated with energy dense, yet nutritionally deplete foods, there’s a need to examine the mechanisms through which food-related cues stimulate excessive energy intake. Here, learning and memory principles and their underlying neuronal substrates are discussed with regard to stimulus-driven food intake and excessive energy consumption. Particular focus is given to the hippocampus, a brain structure that utilizes interoceptive cues relevant to energy status (e.g., neurohormonal signals such as leptin) to modulate stimulus-driven food procurement and consumption. This type of hippocampal-dependent modulatory control of feeding behavior is compromised by consumption of foods common to Western diets, including saturated fats and simple carbohydrates. The development of more effective treatments for obesity will benefit from a more complete understanding of the complex interaction between dietary, environmental, cognitive, and neurophysiological mechanisms contributing to excessive food intake.

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Section: Higher-order Learning Processes and Feedingsupporting

confidence: 60%

Cognitive and neuronal systems underlying obesity

Kanoski

2012

Physiology & Behavior

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“…The light/dark cycle period analysed in the present study was chosen because it coincides with the initiation of locomotor and exploratory activity, as well as night‐time feeding. In most recent studies, ghrelin has been proposed to be a signal to increase locomotor activity through the GHS‐R in anticipation of a scheduled meal in mice (16, 34–36) and plasma concentrations have been shown to be increased just before scheduled meals in rats (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Total (acylated and unacylated) and acylated ghrelin circulating levels rise before meals and are suppressed after food consumption in humans (8, 9), supporting its role in meal anticipatory processes. In addition, total and acylated ghrelin are secreted in anticipation of spontaneous (10, 11) and scheduled (12–15) meals in rodents and sheep, and this rise was assumed to be a signal for increasing activity in anticipation of meals (16, 17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal Anticipatory Rise in Acylated Ghrelin at Dark Onset is Blunted After Long-Term Fasting in Rats

Zizzari

Hassouna

Longchamps

et al. 2011

Journal of Neuroendocrinology

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Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid acylated peptide originally characterised for its capacity to stimulate growth hormone secretion. Ghrelin is also an orexigenic and adipogenic hormone and is thought to be a signal to increase locomotor activity in anticipation of a scheduled meal. Although ghrelin is considered to be up-regulated during fasting, there are still conflicting data regarding the impact of starvation on ghrelin secretion. To test whether the secretory pattern of acylated ghrelin is altered during fasting, plasma levels were monitored every 20 min for 6 h in freely-behaving rats at the light/dark cycle transition, when animals initiate feeding and activity and use preferentially free fatty acids (FFA) as a source of energy. Rats were fed ad lib. or fasted at dark onset for 24, 48 or 72 h, with or without refeeding rate. The anticipatory rise in ghrelin levels, as well as home-cage activity at the onset of darkness, was significantly reduced from 48 h of fasting compared to ad lib. conditions. A delayed ghrelin peak, sensitive to renutrition, was observed in fasted animals. Although their motivation to eat appeared to be intact, rats fasted for 72 h showed the smallest compensatory refeeding rate after fasting, possibly reflecting altered gut function. Expression of agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y, was significantly increased in 48- and 72-h fasted animals. Thus, following fasting, a blunted acylated ghrelin secretion at dark onset (i.e. a period when animals depend on FFA as a source of energy) is associated with reduced locomotor activity and refeeding and an up-regulation of anabolic neuropeptides. Such changes could be interpreted as compensatory mechanisms for helping to conserve energy under conditions where food is not available.

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“…These results suggest that ghrelin levels rise in anticipation of food intake based on learned, habitual feeding patterns as opposed to being exclusively a “hunger signal” whose release is linked to the magnitude of food restriction. Scheduled feeding regiments (3 meals a day at fixed times) in rodents also induce spontaneous activity and increased acylated ghrelin levels at the time of scheduled meal presentation [74]. Collectively, these data suggest that ghrelin acts as an anticipatory signal for meal initiation, and in these examples its release is potentially stimulated, in part, by learned circadian cues.…”

Section: Ghrelin: a Cephalic Signal For The Anticipation Of Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin: A link between memory and ingestive behavior

Hsu

Suarez

Kanoski

2016

Physiology & Behavior

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Feeding is a highly complex behavior that is influenced by learned associations between external and internal cues. The type of excessive feeding behavior contributing to obesity onset and metabolic deficit may be based, in part, on conditioned appetitive and ingestive behaviors that occur in response to environmental and/or interoceptive cues associated with palatable food. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand the neurobiology underlying learned aspects of feeding behavior. The stomach-derived “hunger” hormone, ghrelin, stimulates appetite and food intake and may function as an important biological substrate linking mnemonic processes with feeding control. The current review highlights data supporting a role for ghrelin in mediating the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms that underlie conditioned feeding behavior. We discuss the role of learning and memory on food intake control (with a particular focus on hippocampal-dependent memory processes) and provide an overview of conditioned cephalic endocrine responses. A neurobiological framework is provided through which conditioned cephalic ghrelin secretion signals in neurons in the hippocampus, which then engage orexigenic neural circuitry in the lateral hypothalamus to express learned feeding behavior.

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Scheduled feeding results in adipogenesis and increased acylated ghrelin

Cited by 17 publications

References 52 publications

Cognitive and neuronal systems underlying obesity

Cognitive and neuronal systems underlying obesity

Meal Anticipatory Rise in Acylated Ghrelin at Dark Onset is Blunted After Long-Term Fasting in Rats

Ghrelin: A link between memory and ingestive behavior

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