Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 17, Revision 3 (FGE.17Rev3): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24

Flavourings,

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2456

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 53 publications

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“…The cocktail of DMP, TMP, and EDMP (pyrazine cocktail) is more potent than any one component alone. These pyrazine analogs, which retain characteristic roasted aromas in various foods, are known as safe compounds with no carcinogenicity and with low acute toxicity (EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF), 2011). Actually, some of alkylpyrazines are widely used in the food industry as a flavor ingredient (Burdock and Carabin, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer

Osada¹,

Miyazono²,

Kashiwayanagi³

2014

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Our previous studies indicated that a cocktail of pyrazine analogs, identified in wolf urine, induced avoidance and fear behaviors in mice. The effects of the pyrazine cocktail on Hokkaido deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were investigated in field bioassays at a deer park in Hokkaido, Japan. A set of feeding bioassay trials tested the effects of the pyrazine cocktail odor on the behavior of the deer located around a feeding area in August and September 2013. This odor effectively suppressed the approach of the deer to the feeding area. In addition, the pyrazine cocktail odor provoked fear-related behaviors, such as “tail-flag”, “flight” and “jump” actions, of the deer around the feeding area. This study is the first experimental demonstration that the pyrazine analogs in wolf urine have robust and continual fearful aversive effects on ungulates as well as mice. The pyrazine cocktail might be suitable for a chemical repellent that could limit damage to forests and agricultural crops by wild ungulates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer

Osada¹,

Miyazono²,

Kashiwayanagi³

2014

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Structure-Activity Relationships of Alkylpyrazine Analogs and Fear-Associated Behaviors in Mice

2017

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Our previous studies identified alkyl pyrazine analogs in wolf urine that act as novel kairomones and induce a series of fear-associated behaviors in mice. A mixture of these alkyl pyrazines also effectively suppressed the approach of deer to a feeding area, and animals that did approach the marked area exhibited fear-associated behaviors. To investigate structure-activity relationships of alkyl pyrazines, four fear-associated behaviors - freezing, locomotion activity, odor investigation, and avoidance - were measured in experiments on female C57BL/6 J mice. Of the 17 compounds tested, 2,3-diethylpyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine induced all four fear-associated behaviors. 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine also induced three of the fear-associated behaviors, but did not decrease locomotion. Multivalent analysis of behaviors clearly demonstrated that these four compounds formed an independent cluster and were the most active. Structure-activity relationships revealed that active alkyl pyrazines inducing all four fear-associated behaviors had methyl or ethyl group(s), but not longer carbon chains, and alkyl side chains consisting of four carbon atoms in total were present in the most potent analogs. This study is the first experimental investigation of structure-activity relationships between alkyl pyrazine analogs and fear-associated behaviors in mice.

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Safety and efficacy of pyrazine derivatives including saturated ones belonging to chemical group 24 when used as flavourings for all animal species

Additives¹,

Rychen²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 22 compounds belonging to chemical group 24 (pyrazine derivatives). [14.126] are safe at the proposed maximum dose level (0.5 mg/kg complete feed) as feed for cattle, salmonids and non-food-producing animals, and at the proposed normal use level of 0.1 mg/kg complete feed for pigs and poultry; 5-methylquinoxaline [14.028] are safe only at concentrations below the proposed use levels (0.08 mg/kg complete feed for cattle, salmonids and nonfood-producing animals, and 0.05 mg/kg complete feed for pigs and poultry). No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of these compounds up to the highest proposed level in feeds. Hazards for skin and eye contact, and respiratory exposure are recognised for the majority of the compounds under application. Most are classified as irritating to the respiratory system. The proposed maximum use levels in feed are unlikely to have detrimental effects on the terrestrial and fresh water compartments. Because all the compounds under assessment are used in food as flavourings and their function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary.

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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 17, Revision 3 (FGE.17Rev3): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24

Abstract: Procedure. The remaining 25 substances were evaluated through a stepwise approach that integrates information on structure-activity relationships, intake from current uses, toxicological threshold of concern, and available data on metabolism and toxicity. The Panel concluded that 24

Cited by 4 publications

References 53 publications

Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer

Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer

Structure-Activity Relationships of Alkylpyrazine Analogs and Fear-Associated Behaviors in Mice

Safety and efficacy of pyrazine derivatives including saturated ones belonging to chemical group 24 when used as flavourings for all animal species

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