Screening and evaluation of innate coagulants for water treatment: a sustainable approach

Abstract

Installation layout of wind turbines plays a prominent role in the design of every wind farm. Thus, the wind farm layout optimization problem is proposed to maximize the total power output with the minimum cost. In this research, Kahrizak region in Tehran province of Iran is selected as a windy region and its real wind speed data are gleaned. Three different scenarios are also considered, with various number of generations and populations for GA parameters, effective distances, and longitude and latitude distances of turbines from each other. Among these scenarios, the best result is obtained for the one in which the longitudinal distance between turbines is greater than the latitudinal distance. By observing the wind rose of Kahrizak region, it is observed that the dominant wind direction of the region is toward the east and south-east. Therefore, by increasing the longitudinal distance of the turbines from each other, the efficiency can be improved and the turbine layout becomes more realistic. In this case, the efficiency rate and normalized cost of turbines are 89.5% and 37.4, respectively, and also 56 turbines are needed. The amounts of efficiency and power output are very convenient for real wind speed data of a region.

A Chemical and Morphological Study of Cassava Peel: A Potential Waste as Coagulant Aid

“…Besides, many researches have raised concern regarding the health effect related to Alzheimer disease caused by residual aluminium ions in the treated waters [2]. Meanwhile, some synthetic organic polymers such as acrylamide are regarded to neurotoxicity and strong carcinogenic effect [1].…”

“…Natural polymer coagulants such as chitosan, Moringa oleifera seeds, cactus mucilage and plant tannins are mainly composed of polysaccharides and proteins. These biopolymers shows promising potential to be a good choice of water coagulant not only due to their chemical composition but also they are usually available locally at low price and biodegradable [1,3].…”

“…This process plays a major role in surface water treatment by reducing turbidity, algae, colour, organic compound, clay particles as well as removing microbial content in the water which results in minimizing the risk of waterborne diseases [1].…”

The enhancement of black liquor treatment by applying a natural flocculant and converting its sludge to a high‐benefit product

“…The upcoming work only utilized chitosan as the chosen flocculant due to its stability in floc production, the reduction of the dissolved aluminium that was leached by the PACl addition as an aluminium based coagulant, and the changing of liquor muddiness . In addition, chitosan also benefits from shorter floc settling time and better performance in acidic pH than chitin, which only works optimally at pH levels within a range of 6–8 . Due to −NH 2 groups in chitosan and chitin, neutralization occurrs and might rejuvenate pH levels in BL to neutral.…”

Competence of blended coagulants for surface water treatment

“…Many researchers have recommended a pH adjustment method to enhance the coagulation efficiency (Semmens and Field 1980;Gregor et al 1997;Myung et al 2001). Temperature is also a critical factor in the removal of turbidity (Myung et al 2001;Vara 2012). Dharmappa et al 1993 focused on rapid mix parameters as a critical parameter for optimizing the coagulation process.…”