Screening for hemivertebra in pugs

White, Dick

doi:10.1136/vr.f4289

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Until further evidence exists of which CVMs are clinically the most relevant, CT may not provide any additional benefit to radiography. Selective breeding programmes for some brachycephalic breeds have already been initiated and our study illustrates the importance of selecting the appropriate imaging technique for the detection and classification of CVMs 14 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Selective breeding programmes for some brachycephalic breeds have already been initiated and our study illustrates the importance of selecting the appropriate imaging technique for the detection and classification of CVMs. 14 Conlict of interest statement None of the authors has any inancial or personal relationships that could inappropriately inluence or bias the content of the paper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, a Chiari malformation/syringomyelia scheme using MRI has been implemented 13 . Although no official screening scheme for CVM exists, several breeding associations (French Bulldogs and Pugs) have already implemented different radiographic screening protocols based on a single lateral view, or in combination with ventrodorsal/dorsoventral views 9 14 . Furthermore, some studies have evaluated heritability of CVMs based on single lateral views 9 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of radiography as a screening method for detection and characterisation of congenital vertebral malformations in dogs

et al. 2018

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Congenital vertebral malformations (CVM) are common in brachycephalic 'screw-tailed' dogs; they can be associated with neurological deficits and a genetic predisposition has been suggested. The purpose of this study was to evaluate radiography as a screening method for congenital thoracic vertebral malformations in brachycephalic 'screw-tailed' dogs by comparing it with CT. Forty-nine dogs that had both radiographic and CT evaluations of the thoracic vertebral column were included. Three observers retrospectively reviewed the images independently to detect CVMs. When identified, they were classified according to a previously published radiographic classification scheme. A CT consensus was then reached. All observers identified significantly more affected vertebrae when evaluating orthogonal radiographic views compared with lateral views alone; and more affected vertebrae with the CT consensus compared with orthogonal radiographic views. Given the high number of CVMs per dog, the number of dogs classified as being CVM free was not significantly different between CT and radiography. Significantly more midline closure defects were also identified with CT compared with radiography. Malformations classified as symmetrical or ventral hypoplasias on radiography were frequently classified as ventral and medial aplasias on CT images. Our results support that CT is better than radiography for the classification of CVMs and this will be important when further evidence of which are the most clinically relevant CVMs is identified. These findings are of particular importance for designing screening schemes of CVMs that could help selective breeding programmes based on phenotype and future studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of radiography as a screening method for detection and characterisation of congenital vertebral malformations in dogs

et al. 2018

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“…Biochemical events that occur in utero and during early life may be diagnostically obscure, but should be considered nonetheless for impact on differential diagnoses. 4.1.2 Hemivertebrae occur primarily in small dogs, especially brachycephalic breeds (Done et al, 1975;White, 2013). Pain, muscle atrophy, abnormal gait, and weakness can be observed in life, but some affected individuals display no overt distress.…”

Section: Abnormal Spinal Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential diagnosis of vertebral spinous process deviations in archaeological and modern domestic dogs

Lawler

Widga

Rubin

et al. 2016

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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Paleopathological study of domestic animal remains can elucidate human-domesticate relationships, when all reasonable differential diagnoses are considered. Deviated spinous processes found on ancient domesticated dog vertebrae have been assumed to result from pack burdens, although consideration of diagnostic alternatives has been unclear. To more thoroughly assess the potential significance of these features, we first generated an extensive differential diagnosis of potential causes. Broad causal categories included: (i) morphological; (ii) infectious; (iii) taphonomic; (iv) life history (in utero to death), with numerous subcategories that sometimes overlap. We then evaluated these possibilities through an observational and radiology study of 15 ancient deliberate domestic dog burials (191 vertebrae) from the midwestern USA, dating between 10,130 and 200 years ago. Archaeological specimens from the UK were included to evaluate for geographic uniqueness of our observations. We characterized deviations of spinous processes of cervical (n=74), thoracic (n=51), lumbar (n=60), and sacral (n=6) vertebrae. Affected spinous processes were found in 34% of cervical vertebrae, 63% of thoracic vertebrae, 78% of lumbar vertebrae, and 50% of sacral vertebrae. Four types of spinous process deviations were observed: (a) lateral leaning from the base but not otherwise deviated; (b) lateral curving at some point above the base; (c) bowing because of multiple curves; and (d) torsion along the vertical axis. Computed tomography and micro-computed tomography were essential tools for establishing differential diagnoses.

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“…Congenital vertebral body malformations (CVBMs) are commonly diagnosed conditions in brachycephalic canine breeds that have been retrospectively investigated, especially in British and American canine populations. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Vertebral body malformations' origin is classified as either defects of segmentation (block vertebra) or defects of formation, which can be differentiated in aplastic (hemivertebrae) and hypoplastic malformations (wedge shape vertebrae, butterfly vertebrae), transitional vertebrae and neural tube defects. 4,12,15 They often are incidental findings during diagnostic imaging investigation regarding clinical issues unrelated to the vertebral column.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological study of congenital malformations of the vertebral column in French bulldogs, English bulldogs and pugs

et al. 2021

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Background: Congenital vertebral body malformations (CVBMs) have retrospectively been investigated in British and American canine populations. This study prospectively evaluates occurrence, localization, type and characteristic of CVBM along the entire vertebral column in a cohort of French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs and Pug dogs from Germany. Methods: Prospective clinical and radiological screenings for CVBM were performed in brachycephalic dogs presented for reasons unrelated to neurological problems. Neurological and orthopaedic examinations as well as radiographs in two orthogonal planes of the entire vertebral column including the tail were performed in all dogs. Cobb angle and vertebral step were determined. Associations between CVBM, tail malformation, neurological deficits and occurrence of concurrent orthopaedic diseases were investigated. Results: A total of 707 VBMs were identified in the whole vertebral column of 169 of 265 brachycephalic dogs. The most common types of CVBMs were ventral wedge shape (48%), dorsal wedge shape (14%) and shortened vertebral body (14%). A new type of malformation was investigated: dorsal wedge shape vertebrae. There was significant association between severe tail malformations with CVBM. Neurological deficits were significantly associated with ventrolateral wedge shape, dorso lateral hemivertebrae, Cobb angle > 30% and vertebral step ≥1.75 mm. Orthopaedic conditions were not significantly associated with CVBM. Conclusion: Kyphotic Cobb angle and vertebral step are radiological findings associated with neurological deficits. We propose severe tail malformation as an easy and accurate selection factor for determining breeding dogs.

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Screening for hemivertebra in pugs

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of radiography as a screening method for detection and characterisation of congenital vertebral malformations in dogs

Evaluation of radiography as a screening method for detection and characterisation of congenital vertebral malformations in dogs

Differential diagnosis of vertebral spinous process deviations in archaeological and modern domestic dogs

Epidemiological study of congenital malformations of the vertebral column in French bulldogs, English bulldogs and pugs

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