Screening of edible oils for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using microwave-assisted liquid–liquid and solid phase extraction coupled to one- to three-way fluorescence spectroscopy analysis

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils: An overview on sample preparation, determination strategies, and relative abundance of prevalent compounds

“…Usually, the following solutions are preferred: ACN/acetone, dimethylformamide (DMF)/water, water/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or ACN. This partition has been microwave assisted (Alarcón, Báez, Bravo, Richter, & Fuentes, 2012) and, more commonly, ultrasound assisted (Costopoulou et al., 2010; Ergönül & Sánchez, 2013; Hossain & Salehuddin, 2012; Ju, Kim, Kim, & Baek, 2020; Shi et al., 2018; Shi, Zhang, & Liu, 2016; Taghvaee, Piravivanak, Rezaei, & Faraji, 2016; Teixeira et al., 2007; Wang & Guo, 2010; Yousefi et al., 2018; Zhao, Chen, Fang, Li, & Zhao, 2013). Samples may be diluted in hexane (Barranco et al., 2003; Camargo, Antoniolli, & Vicente, 2011; Cassimiro Belo, Nunes, Vieira Dos Santos, Augusti, & Pissinatti, 2012; Farrokhzadeh & Razmi, 2018; Guillén et al., 2004; Molle, Abballe, Gomes, Furlani, & Tfouni, 2017; Rascón, Azzouz, & Ballesteros, 2018; Tfouni, Padovani, Reis, Furlani, & Camargo, 2014) or pentane (Diletti et al., 2005) prior to the extraction.…”

“…As far as the flow rate is concerned, ISO 15753:2016 recommends a value of 1.2 mL/min. Some adjustments have been made with respect to this guidance, and flow has been also set at values of 1 mL/min (Barranco et al., 2003; Camargo et al., 2011; Costopoulou et al., 2010; Ergönül & Sánchez, 2013; Gharbi et al., 2017; Ji et al., 2017; Molle et al., 2017; Moreda et al., 2004; Rodríguez‐Acuña et al., 2008a; Shi et al., 2018; Tfouni et al., 2014), 1.4 mL/min (Alarcón et al., 2012; Stenerson et al., 2015), and 1.5 mL/min (Dost & Ideli, 2012; Payanan et al., 2013; Purcaro et al., 2008; Teixeira et al., 2007; Wang, Lian, et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2013). Alves da Silva et al.…”

“…Therefore, it would be desirable to have screening methods to sift out the positive samples, which could be confirmed by a LC or GC methodology in a subsequent stage. It is well‐known that a screening must detect the presence of a specific class of analytes at the concentration of interest, providing a low rate of false compliant samples, and exhibiting high throughput and adequate analytical features (Alarcón et al., 2012).…”

“…This fact, together with the presence of other interfering compounds, has greatly limited the application of traditional fluorescence strategies in multicomponent analysis of vegetable oils. In any case, several applications can be found in literature regarding the determination of PAHs by using FLS, combining the use of the just‐mentioned technique with advanced chemometric tools aiming at enhancing the spectral resolution (Alarcoń et al., 2013; Alarcón et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2016; Vásquez, Báez, Bravo, & Fuentes, 2013). For instance, Alarcón et al.…”

Dual dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for determination of phenylpropenes in oils by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…However, analyzing hazardous compounds in oils is challenging because lipidic ingredients are co-extracted with the target analytes. Current sample preparation techniques include sample dilution followed by SPE [33], LLE followed by SPE [34], dispersive solid microextraction [35], dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [36] and SPME [37]. The most recent studies of sample pre-treatment approaches have focused on developing techniques that are environmentally friendly and can be performed easily, efficiently, and economically.…”