Sea Ice Biogeochemistry and Material Transport Across the Frozen Interface

Loose, Brice; Miller, Lisa A.; Elliott, Scott; Papakyriakou, Tim

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2011.72

Cited by 91 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Sea ice modelers have not begun to incorporate the vapor phase, although it may play a significant role in gas transfers between ocean and atmosphere with potentially significant consequences for atmospheric chemistry and climate (Loose et al, 2011). For instance, methane venting has been observed under sea ice at high latitudes (e.g., Shakhova et al, 2010), and sea ice halogen chemistry is critical for ozone depletion in the polar atmospheric boundary layer (Simpson et al, 2007).…”

Section: Sea Ice Biogeochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This equation shows that the brine mass fraction of sea ice (1 − φ), which is key to many derived physical and biological quantities, is given as the ratio of bulk salinity and brine salinity if one for simplicity neglects gas inclusions (see Cox and Weeks (1983) for a discussion of sea ice with gas inclusions, also Loose et al, 2011). Because the interstitial brine is surrounded by solid freshwater ice, phase equilibrium must always be maintained between these two phases.…”

Section: Basic Physicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence is mounting that sea ice is also important for regulating, and possibly driving, chemical exchanges between the ocean and atmosphere in polar regions (Loose et al, 2011). For instance, biological agents within sea ice are responsible for the emissions of trace gases including dimethylsulfide (DMS, Kirst et al, 1991;Levasseur et al, 1994;Zemmelink et al, 2006;Tison et al, 2010), which is thought to play a significant role in planetary albedo feedback effects when it oxidizes to form sulfate aerosol, a type of cloud condensation nucleus (Charlson et al, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The multiphase physics of sea ice: a review for model developers

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Rather than being solid throughout, sea ice contains liquid brine inclusions, solid salts, microalgae, trace elements, gases, and other impurities which all exist in the interstices of a porous, solid ice matrix. This multiphase structure of sea ice arises from the fact that the salt that exists in seawater cannot be incorporated into lattice sites in the pure ice component of sea ice, but remains in liquid solution. Depending on the ice permeability (determined by temperature, salinity and gas content), this brine can drain from the ice, taking other sea ice constituents with it. Thus, sea ice salinity and microstructure are tightly interconnected and play a significant role in polar ecosystems and climate. As large-scale climate modeling efforts move toward "earth system" simulations that include biological and chemical cycles, renewed interest in the multiphase physics of sea ice has strengthened research initiatives to observe, understand and model this complex system. This review article provides an overview of these efforts, highlighting known difficulties and requisite observations for further progress in the field. We focus on mushy layer theory, which describes general multiphase materials, and on numerical approaches now being explored to model the multiphase evolution of sea ice and its interaction with chemical, biological and climate systems.

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Section: Sea Ice Biogeochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Basic Physicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The multiphase physics of sea ice: a review for model developers

et al. 2011

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“…The associated release of CO 2 when ikaite precipitates may be rejected to the water column below due to the impermeability of the sea ice above this zone (e.g. Loose et al, 2011), which may explain the under-sea ice increase in pCO 2 to near-saturation during winter observed by Else et al (2012). Much of the young ice volume we sampled was cold enough (b− 2.2°C ) to produce ikaite crystals, and the observed brine drainage channel feature might offer them a mechanism by which to descend into the seawater below, taking their CO 2 -equivalent with them.…”

Section: -D Mr Images Of Brine Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaged brine inclusions in young sea ice—Shape, distribution and formation timing

Galley

Else

Geilfus

et al. 2015

Cold Regions Science and Technology

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oLiquid inclusions in sea ice are variable and dependent on the myriad of physical conditions of the atmospheresea ice environment in which the sea ice was grown, and whether or not melting processes affected the sea ice. In that light, there exist relatively few observations and resultant quantification of the morphology and vertical distribution of brine inclusions in sea ice. Using a magnetic (3.0 T) resonance (MR) imager using constructive interference steady state gradient echo sequence, we show that it is possible to image brine channels and pockets in an 18.5 cm young sea ice core in three-dimensions in only four and a half minutes following core storage at −20°C. We present a three-dimensional image of a brine drainage channel feature in a young sea ice core, give the physical context for its formation by presenting the physical conditions of the atmosphere and water/sea ice prior to sea ice growth through the sampling date, and observe its physical characteristics. We illustrate that brine drainage channels may be established concurrently with ice growth, and indicate the amount and location of vertical and horizontal fluid connectivity in the young sea ice sample in the context of the environment in which it grew. Finally, we show that a vertical brine volume distribution profile can be calculated using MR image data, extending the (non-imaging) nuclear magnetic resonance work of others in this vein.

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“…In such models, the major climatic effects of sea ice are associated with albedo, deep water formation and air-sea heat exchange, with sea ice generally represented as a 'lid' that suppresses gas exchange across the ocean surface. [46] Although simulations have been developed that resolve biogeochemical cycles within sea ice, [47] many of these models are onedimensional and trace gases are yet to be included. In many respects, Earth System models contain significant uncertainties in polar regions.…”

Section: Sea-ice Biogeochemistry and Interactions With The Atmospherementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving research directions in Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) science

Law¹,

Breviere²,

Leeuw³

et al. 2013

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental context. Understanding the exchange of energy, gases and particles at the ocean-atmosphere interface is critical for the development of robust predictions of, and response to, future climate change. The international Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) coordinates multi-disciplinary oceanatmosphere research projects that quantify and characterise this exchange. This article details five new SOLAS research strategies -upwellings and associated oxygen minimum zones, sea ice, marine aerosols, atmospheric nutrient supply and ship emissions -that aim to improve knowledge in these critical areas.Abstract. This review focuses on critical issues in ocean-atmosphere exchange that will be addressed by new research strategies developed by the international Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) research community. Eastern boundary upwelling systems are important sites for CO 2 and trace gas emission to the atmosphere, and the proposed research will examine how heterotrophic processes in the underlying oxygen-deficient waters interact with the climate system. The second regional research focus will examine the role of sea-ice biogeochemistry and its interaction with atmospheric chemistry. Marine aerosols are the focus of a research theme directed at understanding the processes that determine their abundance, chemistry and radiative properties. A further area of aerosol-related research examines atmospheric nutrient deposition in the surface ocean, and how differences in origin, atmospheric processing and composition influence surface ocean biogeochemistry. Ship emissions are an increasing source of aerosols, nutrients and toxins to the atmosphere and ocean surface, and an emerging area of research will examine their effect on ocean biogeochemistry and atmospheric chemistry. The primary role of SOLAS is to coordinate coupled multi-disciplinary research within research strategies that address these issues, to achieve robust representation of critical ocean-atmosphere exchange processes in Earth System models.

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Sea Ice Biogeochemistry and Material Transport Across the Frozen Interface

Cited by 91 publications

References 84 publications

The multiphase physics of sea ice: a review for model developers

The multiphase physics of sea ice: a review for model developers

Imaged brine inclusions in young sea ice—Shape, distribution and formation timing

Evolving research directions in Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) science

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