Seasonal dynamics of water and air chemistry in an indoor chlorinated swimming pool

Afifi, Mehrnaz Zare; Blatchley, Ernest R.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.037

Cited by 56 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Similarly as in the case of measuring the pH of water, no significant differences were found between the redox values depending on the type of pool or water treatment system. From the experience of authors and literature data [9,13,20] it appears that maintaining high redox values, especially in open basins, requires supporting NaOCl disinfection with, for example, chlorine dioxide and/or ozone.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research and evaluation of water quality in outdoor swimming pools

2019

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The article presents the assessment of the quality of water in outdoor pools, based on the results of bacteriological and physicochemical tests and their comparison with the admissible values in this respect. The analyzes were carried out during two bathing seasons, in 2017 and 2018. The quality of water from sports, recreational and children's pools was analyzed, as well as water introduced into the pools from the circulation systems. The decisive role in the assessment of pool water quality is played by the results of microbiological tests and the assessment of the sanitary condition of the facility. In pool water and circulatory water samples, the number of indicator microorganisms (CFU) did not exceed the limit values. The problem was the very high levels of chloroform (> 0.03 mg/L) and THM (> 0.1 mg/L), lower than the required redox values (750 mV) and nitrate content, increasing over the bathing season. Considering that the analyzed pools are seasonal and recreational outdoor pools, the observed excessive concentrations of DBP, with a short exposure, did not pose a direct threat to the health of bathers. However, they indicate the need to supervise the processes of water treatment and disinfection or their modernization.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both swimmers and staff of the swimming pool facilities may be exposed to contamination by accidental ingestion of water, inhalation of water aerosols and absorption through skin [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and evaluation of water quality in outdoor swimming pools

2019

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“…They easily transfer from the water to the air [5][6][7]. Their concentration in the air depends on their concentration in the water [8][9][10] as well as on the intensity of the water turbulence; i.e., the activity of the swimmers [11] and the intensity of the water works of the recreation devices (waterfalls, geysers, hydro-massage devices, etc.). Most of these compounds are heavier than air, so they tend to gather just above the water surface.…”

Section: Pool Water Disinfection By-products In Indoor Swimming Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the literature, as the high concentration of DBPs in the water and air results from the high number of the precursors [23,24], it can be assumed that a limitation of the organic compounds in the pool's water introduced by the users can significantly improve the situation [11,25]. A simple thing that can be done for this is to recommend taking a shower before entering a swimming pool.…”

Section: Limiting Dbps Precursorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection By-Products in Swimming Pool Water and Possibilities of Limiting Their Impact on Health of Swimmers

Ratajczak

Piotrowska

2019

GaEE

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The presence of water disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the pool environment is a threat to the health of the users of swimming pools. Due to the mechanism of DBP formation, we are not able to prevent their presence. However, there are several ways to prevent the harmful effects of DBPs on the health of pool users; among these, various kinds of methods that result in the reduction of combined chlorine and DBPs precursors should be mentioned. And last but not least, a new approach to the design of the ventilation system for indoor swimming pools seems to be crucial for the above-mentioned purpose.

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“…vs E2.A). Several past studies have already shown that heavy use of pools lead to a highest release of body fluids such as sweat that act as precursors of DBPs (Judd and Bullock, 2003;Keuten et al, 2014;Afifi and Blatchley III, 2015).…”

Section: Seasonal Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and factors affecting levels of airborne and water bromoform in chlorinated seawater swimming pools

Boudenne

Parinet

Demelas

et al. 2017

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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Water and air quality of eight seawater swimming pools using chlorine disinfection was measured during four sampling campaigns, spread on one full-year, and in four thalassotherapy centers located in Southeast of France. Concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) in air and in water as well as concentrations of parameters, including nonpurgeable organic carbon (NPOC), free residual chlorine (Cl), pH, Kjeldhal Nitrogen (KN), salinity, conductivity, bromide ions and, water and air temperature, were measured. Water and air samples were collected in triplicates morning - at the opening of the pools -, noon and night - at the closing of the pools -, in summer and winter. Data analysis was performed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and rotated component matrix, from both data quality and other parameters such as TOC, aromaticity (UV), pH, hygrometry, and free residual chlorine (Cl). This statistical analysis demonstrates a high correlation between TOC, Cl and UV and THM levels found in air and water, particularly for the major ones (CHBr in water 300.0μg/L mean, 1029.0μg/L maximum; CHBr in air: 266.1μg/m mean, 1600.0μg/m maximum, and CHClBr in water: 18.9μg/L mean, 81.0μg/L maximum; CHClBr in air: 13.6μg/m mean, 150.0μg/m maximum). These high levels of bromoform (CHBr) are particularly worrisome in such health institutions, even these levels do not exceed the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 5mg/m as an 8hour time-weighted average currently fixed by various administrations, such as Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

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Seasonal dynamics of water and air chemistry in an indoor chlorinated swimming pool

Cited by 56 publications

References 55 publications

Research and evaluation of water quality in outdoor swimming pools

Research and evaluation of water quality in outdoor swimming pools

Disinfection By-Products in Swimming Pool Water and Possibilities of Limiting Their Impact on Health of Swimmers

Monitoring and factors affecting levels of airborne and water bromoform in chlorinated seawater swimming pools

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