Seasonal Variation of Activity Pattern in Sika Deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) as Assessed by Camera Trap Survey

Ikeda, Takashi; Takahashi, Hiroshi; Yoshida, Terutoyo; Igota, Hiromasa; Matsuura, Yukiko; Takeshita, Kazutaka M.; Kaji, Koichi

doi:10.3106/041.040.0401

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Sika deer showed crepuscular activity during spring–autumn, which is consistent with a previous study [ 19 ]. We also found that the activity pattern shifted to cathemeral during winter.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Seasonal and Diel Activity Patterns of Eight Sympatric Mammals in Northern Japan Revealed by an Intensive Camera-Trap Survey

et al. 2016

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The activity patterns of mammals are generally categorized as nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular (active at twilight), and cathemeral (active throughout the day). These patterns are highly variable across regions and seasons even within the same species. However, quantitative data is still lacking, particularly for sympatric species. We monitored the seasonal and diel activity patterns of terrestrial mammals in Hokkaido, Japan. Through an intensive camera-trap survey a total of 13,279 capture events were recorded from eight mammals over 20,344 camera-trap days, i.e., two years. Diel activity patterns were clearly divided into four categories: diurnal (Eurasian red squirrels), nocturnal (raccoon dogs and raccoons), crepuscular (sika deer and mountain hares), and cathemeral (Japanese martens, red foxes, and brown bears). Some crepuscular and cathemeral mammals shifted activity peaks across seasons. Particularly, sika deer changed peaks from twilight during spring–autumn to day-time in winter, possibly because of thermal constraints. Japanese martens were cathemeral during winter–summer, but nocturnal in autumn. We found no clear indication of predator-prey and competitive interactions, suggesting that animal densities are not very high or temporal niche partitioning is absent among the target species. This long-term camera-trap survey was highly cost-effective and provided one of the most detailed seasonal and diel activity patterns in multiple sympatric mammals under natural conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…We classified the recorded time of each photo into three time periods; day-time (from 1hr after sunrise to 1hr before sunset), night-time (from 1hr after sunset to 1hr before sunrise), and twilight (1hr before and after sunrise and sunset), according to previous studies (e.g. [ 19 ]).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal and Diel Activity Patterns of Eight Sympatric Mammals in Northern Japan Revealed by an Intensive Camera-Trap Survey

et al. 2016

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“…Data from 2010 to 2011 are from Ikeda et al . 26 .YearSeasonDayNightTwilightTotalCamera trap daysStudy period of camera installation2010Spring——————Summer845572211288August 8 and August 31Autumn4134753481,2361,074September 1 and November 302011Spring2695485408451April 22 and May 31Summer7312343631,3281,033June 1 and August 31Autumn5164433221,281997September 1 and November 302012Spring42895155678800April 22 and May 31Summer8713924891,7521,778June 1 and August 31Autumn7038775592,1391,727September 1 and November 292013Spring40270211683920April 16 and May 31Summer4563233511,1301,802June 1 and August 31Autumn2204782459431,731September 1 and November 302014Spring8149117247720April 26 and May 31Summer1602071905571,812June 1 and August 31Autumn1274391987641,684September 1 and November 30…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of culling intensity on diel and seasonal activity patterns of sika deer (Cervus nippon)

Ikeda

Takahashi

Igota

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Adaptive hunting management is commonly used for controlling the populations of overabundant large herbivores; however, induced behavioural changes can make the effective control of target populations difficult. However, few studies have compared the impact of different levels of hunting intensities on the activity patterns of ungulates before, during, and after a culling program. We investigated how different culling intensities affect the activity patterns of sika deer on Nakanoshima Island in Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan using camera-trap surveys comparing the period of treatment before, during, and after a culling program. We used the number of deer photographed per hour per camera as an index of activity. Sika deer showed consistent crepuscular activity patterns (i.e., dawn and dusk) during spring–summer and trimodal activity patterns (i.e., dawn, dusk, and midnight) in autumn throughout the study period. In response to increased culling intensity, the activity peaks shifted slightly towards the night. The shift towards nocturnal activity persisted during post-culling period. Understanding the changes in activity patterns in response to culling intensity could be used to facilitate population control and assist in establishing a night shooting program. Thus, wildlife managers should consider night shooting once hunting during day time has shifted the normal diurnal activity of deer to nocturnal activity.

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“…Biological processes, such as sexual activity (von Hardenberg et al 2000), antler growth (Kavčić et al 2019), foraging (Rosenbaum et al 2019), and rumination (Parker et al 2009) are known to determine activity patterns, and environmental factors such as the presence of humans (Sibbald et al 2011), hunting pressure (Ikeda et al 2019), predator-prey activity (Šprem et al 2015), and weather conditions (Brivio et al 2016) can further shape them. Wild ruminant ungulates mostly exhibit a bimodal activity pattern, with activity peaks during the day, at dawn and dusk (Pipia et al 2008, Darmon et al 2014, Ikeda et al 2015, and a similar pattern is predicted for aoudad (Ammotragus lervia). The importance of understanding daily activity is accentuated in habitats where several species coexist, especially where non-native species are present, as these species are among the major causes of biodiversity loss worldwide (Spear & Chown 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Activity patterns of aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) in a Mediterranean habitat

Prpić

Gančević

Safner

et al. 2020

Journal of Vertebrate Biology

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Seasonal Variation of Activity Pattern in Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) as Assessed by Camera Trap Survey

Cited by 26 publications

References 20 publications

Seasonal and Diel Activity Patterns of Eight Sympatric Mammals in Northern Japan Revealed by an Intensive Camera-Trap Survey

Seasonal and Diel Activity Patterns of Eight Sympatric Mammals in Northern Japan Revealed by an Intensive Camera-Trap Survey

Effects of culling intensity on diel and seasonal activity patterns of sika deer (Cervus nippon)

Activity patterns of aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) in a Mediterranean habitat

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