Seasonal variations on endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated vasodilation in adults with type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic adults with hypertension and/or dyslipidaemia who perform regular exercise

Abstract

Introduction Endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery often changes seasonally. We aimed to examine the association between the seasonal variation on FMD and regular exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nondiabetic adults with hypertension and/or dyslipidaemia (non‐T2D). Methods This retrospective study included 14 T2D and 17 non‐T2D adults, who started to perform moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise for 30‐40 min/d at a hospital gym in 2006‐2010 and maintained exercise performance at least 2 d/wk until the end of the observation period. We observed and analysed the data for 5 years (from March 2011 to February 2016). FMD, cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI) and metabolic outcomes were compared among seasons in the T2D and non‐T2D groups. Results The FMD values were lower in winter than in other seasons in both groups (all P < .01). The annual range of FMD was larger by 31% in the T2D group than in the non‐T2D group (P < .05). The systolic blood pressure (BP) values were higher in winter than in other seasons in both groups (all P < .01), and the diastolic BP values were higher in winter than in summer in both groups (T2D: P < .05; non‐T2D: P < .01). CAVI and other outcomes did not change seasonally. Conclusions Flow‐mediated vasodilation showed seasonal variation in T2D adults, even if they performed exercise regularly for a long period of time. Additionally, we found that the annual range of FMD might increase with the presence of T2D.

Effect of urolithin A on the improvement of vascular endothelial function depends on the gut microbiota

“…FMD values were lower in winter than those in the other seasons (33). Whether this variation depends on the initial values remains unknown; however, this should be considered in subsequent analyses.…”

Association between Physical Activity and Seasonal Variations in Metabolic and Vascular Function in Adults

“…Previous studies that evaluated seasonal variation in FMD were performed without taking into account the individuals' PA (e.g., exercise habits) [23,61] (Figure 1). Seasonal variations in vascular function may be observed even if individuals perform exercises throughout the year, although the influence of total daily PA is unclear [93].…”

Seasonal variations in vascular endothelial function and physical activity in men

“…A previous study on children (n = 116, 40% boys, mean age: 10.4 years for boys) showed that seasonal variations in the FMD value correlated with those in vigorous-intensity physical activity, although not in low-and moderate-intensity physical activities [73]; remarkably, when the authors analyzed the data according to sex differences, this correlation was only observed for boys. Another study on adults with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and/or dyslipidemia (n = 31, 39% men, mean age: 66.3 years) showed that maintaining exercise habits by going to a gym could not diminish the deterioration of the FMD value and blood pressure during the winter, although it could suppress seasonal variations in some metabolic functions (e.g., blood lipid profiles) [74]. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the association between seasonal variations in physical activity and vascular endothelial function for various age groups; naturally, it is unclear whether sex affects the association.…”