Seasonality and spatial variability in the reproduction of two Antarctic holothurians (Echinodermata)

Gutt, Julian; Gerdes, Dieter; Klages, Michaël

doi:10.1007/bf00237946

Cited by 52 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Among holothurians, two different cases were described by Gutt et al, (1992). Psolus dubiosus did not reveal any seasonal differences in the ovaries which always contained two or three size classes of eggs; nor did the juveniles brooded between the tentacles show size differences between summer and winter.…”

Section: "Reproduction Of Antarctic Benthic Fauna Is Predominantly Timentioning

confidence: 94%

A case for tolerance in marine ecology: let us not put out the baby with the bathwater

Arntz¹,

Gili²

2001

Sci. Mar.

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Section: "Reproduction Of Antarctic Benthic Fauna Is Predominantly Timentioning

confidence: 94%

A case for tolerance in marine ecology: let us not put out the baby with the bathwater

Arntz¹,

Gili²

2001

Sci. Mar.

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“…Change in the ice environment may have the most significant effects on benthic assemblages through change in seasonal production of phytoplankton, which may in turn alter the magnitude, timing, quality, and duration of the seasonal pulse of phytodetrital rain from the spring bloom (Ingels et al ., ; Lohrer et al ., ). Some invertebrates time their reproduction to the spring bloom, such as some filter feeding holothurians (Gutt et al ., ) and peracarid crustaceans (Pearse et al ., ; Baird & Stark, ). Change in surface production may arise through collapse of ice shelves (Peck et al ., ), enabling benthic taxa to colonize these areas (Gutt et al ., , ).…”

Section: Vulnerability: Effects On Biotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota

Constable

Melbourne-Thomas

Corney

et al. 2014

Global Change Biology

493

372

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Antarctic and Southern Ocean (ASO) marine ecosystems have been changing for at least the last 30 years, including in response to increasing ocean temperatures and changes in the extent and seasonality of sea ice; the magnitude and direction of these changes differ between regions around Antarctica that could see populations of the same species changing differently in different regions. This article reviews current and expected changes in ASO physical habitats in response to climate change. It then reviews how these changes may impact the autecology of marine biota of this polar region: microbes, zooplankton, salps, Antarctic krill, fish, cephalopods, marine mammals, seabirds, and benthos. The general prognosis for ASO marine habitats is for an overall warming and freshening, strengthening of westerly winds, with a potential pole-ward movement of those winds and the frontal systems, and an increase in ocean eddy activity. Many habitat parameters will have regionally specific changes, particularly relating to sea ice characteristics and seasonal dynamics. Lower trophic levels are expected to move south as the ocean conditions in which they are currently found move pole-ward. For Antarctic krill and finfish, the latitudinal breadth of their range will depend on their tolerance of warming oceans and changes to productivity. Ocean acidification is a concern not only for calcifying organisms but also for crustaceans such as Antarctic krill; it is also likely to be the most important change in benthic habitats over the coming century. For marine mammals and birds, the expected changes primarily relate to their flexibility in moving to alternative locations for food and the energetic cost of longer or more complex foraging trips for those that are bound to breeding colonies. Few species are sufficiently well studied to make comprehensive species-specific vulnerability assessments possible. Priorities for future work are discussed.

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“…The combination of the idea of seasonal limitation of biological capacity with observations that superficially appear in conflict with the hypothesis, of high biomass and biodiversity (Gutt et al 1992, Clarke & Johnston 2003, Gutt et al 2013a, has led to the suggestion that there is an Antarctic paradox. Support for a paradox has also cited work that shows: some Antarctic taxa grow to very large size; some groups reproduce and grow at similar rates to temperate taxa (e.g.…”

Section: Seasonalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Oceanography and Marine Biology

Hawkins¹,

Evans²,

Dale³

et al. 2018

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Animals living in the Southern Ocean have evolved in a singular environment. It shares many of its attributes with the high Arctic, namely low, stable temperatures, the pervading effect of ice in its many forms and extreme seasonality of light and phytobiont productivity. Antarctica is, however, the most isolated continent on Earth and is the only one that lacks a continental shelf connection with another continent. This isolation, along with the many millions of years that these conditions have existed, has produced a fauna that is both diverse, with around 17,000 marine invertebrate species living there, and has the highest proportions of endemic species of any continent. The reasons for this are discussed. The isolation, history and unusual environmental conditions have resulted in the fauna producing a range and scale of adaptations to low temperature and seasonality that are unique. The best known such adaptations include channichthyid icefish that lack haemoglobin and transport oxygen around their bodies only in solution, or the absence, in some species, of what was only 20 years ago termed the universal heat shock response. Other adaptations include large size in some groups, a tendency to produce larger eggs than species at lower latitudes and very long gametogenic cycles, with egg development (vitellogenesis) taking 18-24 months in some species. The rates at which some cellular and physiological processes are conducted appear adapted to, or at least partially compensated for, low temperature such as microtubule assembly in cells, whereas other processes such as locomotion and metabolic rate are not compensated, and whole-animal growth, embryonic development, and limb regeneration in echinoderms proceed at rates even slower than would be predicted by the normal rules governing the effect of temperature on biological processes. This review describes the current state of knowledge on the biodiversity of the Southern Ocean fauna and on the majority of known ecophysiological adaptations of coldblooded marine species to Antarctic conditions. It further evaluates the impacts these adaptations have on capacities to resist, or respond to change in the environment, where resistance to raised temperatures seems poor, whereas exposure to acidified conditions to end-century levels has comparatively little impact. Zone Description Area (km 2) Length (km) Southern Ocean Total area (km 2)

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Seasonality and spatial variability in the reproduction of two Antarctic holothurians (Echinodermata)

Cited by 52 publications

References 25 publications

A case for tolerance in marine ecology: let us not put out the baby with the bathwater

A case for tolerance in marine ecology: let us not put out the baby with the bathwater

Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota

Oceanography and Marine Biology

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