Security and Development In EU External Relations

Biondo, Karen Del; Oltsch, Stefan; Orbie, Jan

doi:10.4324/9780203098417.ch11

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Third, security interests may impede the adoption of sanctions. Given the rise in spill-overs of African security problems into its own borders, the EU has increasingly cooperated with African governments in security-related fields, including the war on terror, migration, organized crime and piracy (Del Biondo et al, 2012;Keukeleire & Raube, 2013).…”

Section: Int þ Dev !$ San (Iii) Operationalization Of the Condition 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, it has been recognized that the EU's policies toward Africa have become more geared toward its own interests. As the EU has become aware of the spillovers that insecurity in Africa may have in Europe, security has entered into the EU's agreements with Africa (Del Biondo, Oltsch, & Orbie, 2012;Keukeleire & Raube, 2013). In addition, the EU has aspired to put Africa more central in its external energy policies (Youngs, 2009, p. 133).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Donor Interests or Developmental Performance? Explaining Sanctions in EU Democracy Promotion in sub-Saharan Africa

Biondo

2015

World Development

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Section: Int þ Dev !$ San (Iii) Operationalization Of the Condition 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Donor Interests or Developmental Performance? Explaining Sanctions in EU Democracy Promotion in sub-Saharan Africa

Biondo

2015

World Development

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“…similarities in voting behaviour in the UN) was positively correlated with EU aid allocation, while democracy, human rights and the rule of law did not have a significant effect (Neumayer 2003a). The creation in 2010 of the EEAS, which has obtained considerable competences in the field of development, could also be seen as a move in the direction of a development policy that is dominated by the EU"s security interests (Del Biondo et al 2012).…”

Section: Eu-africa Relations: Norms or Self-interest?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its long-term component deals with transnational threats (European Commission 2008h). Furthermore, the transfer of responsibilities and staff from DG Development to the newly created EEAS can also be interpreted as an indication that development funds will be increasingly used for self-interested security purposes (Del Biondo et al 2012).…”

Section: The Response From the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Norms, self-interest and effectiveness: explaining double standards in EU reactions to violations of democratic principles in Sub-Saharan Africa

Biondo

2012

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The promotion of democracy has become a key objective of the European Union (EU) in sub-Saharan Africa.One of the ways in which this objective is pursued is by reacting to violations of democratic principles using negative measures: naming and shaming strategies or economic/diplomatic sanctions. Yet the application of negative measures has been criticised as being characterised by "double standards", meaning that similar violations of democratic principles have led to a different response from the EU. This dissertation searches for explanations for these double standards. In-depth comparative studies on the motivations for double standards in the application of negative measures in sub-Saharan Africa in the post-2000 period have been lacking. While double standards have mostly been attributed to the prevalence of self-interested objectives of the EU, this dissertation considers two additional factors: (1) a potential conflict in the EU"s normative objectives (democracy, development and stability) and (2) expectations about the effectiveness of negative measures.These three explanatory factors (norms, self-interest and effectiveness) are investigated for ten case studies in sub-Saharan Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Guinea, Côte d"Ivoire and Zimbabwe. It is shown that there have been double standards in the EU"s reaction to violations of democratic principles in these countries: similar violations of democratic principles have led to different reactions from the EU (positive measures, low-cost negative measures and sanctions). The motivations for these double standards are then investigated by studying the potential impact of norms, self-interest and effectiveness.On the one hand, previous studies emphasising self-interest are confirmed. Historical interests related to the desire of member states to maintain their sphere of influence have in some cases led to double standards (Chad, Côte d"Ivoire, Zimbabwe). Moreover, the growing concern for self-interested security objectives such as the war on terror has led to increased tolerance for governments that are seen as crucial allies in fighting these security concerns (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Chad), while sanctions were more easily adopted where this was not the case (Zimbabwe, Guinea, Côte d"Ivoire). On the other hand, the study also found evidence that runs counter to the importance of self-interest: (1) commercial interests were found to have little explanatory value, (2) some countries that can also be considered allies in the security sphere were not shielded from negative measures (Kenya), and (3) the EU also avoided negatives measures in countries that were not allies in the pursuit of security objectives (Eritrea, Rwanda). Furthermore, the EU"s other normative objectives (stability, development) were found to be equally important. Negative measures were more easily adopted in countries where development performance had been weak (Zimbabwe, Guinea, Côte d"Ivoire, Niger) or where internal stability was under threat (Kenya, C...

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“…Young and Peterson 2013) or security(Keukeleire and Raube 2013;Del Biondo et al 2012), and the need for 'comprehensive' responses to complex situations has increasingly gained ground over the years and has now become a guiding principle of the EU's development policy. This shift in development discourse also corresponds with the evolution from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) towards the SDGs at the international level.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradigm Shift or Reinventing the Wheel? Towards a Research Agenda on Change and Continuity in EU Development Policy

Delputte¹,

Orbie²

2020

JCER

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While policy and academic discourses point to important shifts in EU development policy, it remains difficult to ascertain the level of these changes. The main aim of this article is to propose a research agenda on change and continuity in EU development policy. Drawing on the literatures on paradigm change and post-development, this involves four key questions for future research: (1) How can we map the EU's current paradigm? (2) How can we map changes and continuities in this regard? (3) How can we explain changes and continuities? (4) What role do policy experiments play in this regard? In addressing these four questions, the article pays particular attention to what we already know from existing literature and to what issues could guide future research. We highlight that ostensibly significant changes are often 'merely' second order changes that do not challenge underlying philosophical ideas of the Eurocentric, modernist and colonial paradigm. Specifically, we point at the importance of studying whether policy experiments 'reinvent' this paradigm or induce paradigmatic change. In the conclusions, we summarize the research agenda and reflect on the need of a better acknowledgement of the 'PlEUriverse' of alternatives to 'development' within Europe.

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Security and Development In EU External Relations

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Donor Interests or Developmental Performance? Explaining Sanctions in EU Democracy Promotion in sub-Saharan Africa

Donor Interests or Developmental Performance? Explaining Sanctions in EU Democracy Promotion in sub-Saharan Africa

Norms, self-interest and effectiveness: explaining double standards in EU reactions to violations of democratic principles in Sub-Saharan Africa

Paradigm Shift or Reinventing the Wheel? Towards a Research Agenda on Change and Continuity in EU Development Policy

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