Seed, soil and vegetative transmission contribute to the spread of pecluviruses in Western Africa and the Indian sub-continent

About 20 species of viruses belonging to five genera, Benyvirus, Furovirus, Pecluvirus, Pomovirus and Bymovirus, are known to be transmitted by plasmodiophorids. These viruses have all positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes that consist of two to five RNA components. Three species of plasmodiophorids are recognized as vectors: Polymyxa graminis, P. betae, and Spongospora subterranea. The viruses can survive in soil within the long-lived resting spores of the vector. There are biological and genetic variations in both virus and vector species. Many of the viruses have become the causal agents of important diseases in major crops, such as rice, wheat, barley, rye, sugar beet, potato, and groundnut. Control measure is dependent on the development of the resistant cultivars. During the last half a century, several virus diseases have been rapidly spread and distributed worldwide. For the six major virus diseases, their geographical distribution, diversity, and genetic resistance are addressed.

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“…Tamada & Kondo -16 analyses showed clusters usually grouped according to their geographical origin (Dieryck et al 2009;Naidu et al 2003).…”

Section: Peanut Clump Disease Caused By Pcv and Indian Peanut Clump Virus (Ipcv)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In contrast, groundnut that is a poor host for the vectors does not support such an increase. Thus, PCV and IPCV seem not to be viruses of groundnut, so that they could be regarded as cereal viruses that infect groundnut opportunistically (Dieryck et al 2009).…”

Section: Peanut Clump Disease Caused By Pcv and Indian Peanut Clump Virus (Ipcv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological and genetic diversity of plasmodiophorid-transmitted viruses and their vectors

Tamada

Kondō

2013

J Gen Plant Pathol

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“…Viruses belonging to the genera Furovirus (type species Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus ) and Bymovirus (type species Barley yellow mosaic virus ) infect winter cereal crops and cause yellow mosaic symptoms on leaves as well as plant stunting ( Kühne, 2009 ). Peanut clump virus (PCV; genus Pecluvirus ) infection induces mottling and chlorotic ring symptoms on leaves as well as stunting of the plant ( Thouvenel and Fauquet, 1981 ; Dieryck et al, 2009 ). The co-infection of lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV; genus Varicosavirus ) and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MiLBVV; genus Ophiovirus ) is associated with lettuce big-vein disease in the field, which is characterized as mottling and chlorophyll clearing along the veins (appearing as big vein), but only MiLBVV is believed to be a sole disease agent ( Maccarone, 2013 ).…”

Section: Diseases Caused By Soil-borne Viruses In Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplays between Soil-Borne Plant Viruses and RNA Silencing-Mediated Antiviral Defense in Roots

2016

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Although the majority of plant viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors and invade the host plants through the aerial parts, there is a considerable number of plant viruses that infect roots via soil-inhabiting vectors such as plasmodiophorids, chytrids, and nematodes. These soil-borne viruses belong to diverse families, and many of them cause serious diseases in major crop plants. Thus, roots are important organs for the life cycle of many viruses. Compared to shoots, roots have a distinct metabolism and particular physiological characteristics due to the differences in development, cell composition, gene expression patterns, and surrounding environmental conditions. RNA silencing is an important innate defense mechanism to combat virus infection in plants, but the specific information on the activities and molecular mechanism of RNA silencing-mediated viral defense in root tissue is still limited. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding RNA silencing aspects of the interactions between soil-borne viruses and host plants. Overall, research evidence suggests that soil-borne viruses have evolved to adapt to the distinct mechanism of antiviral RNA silencing in roots.

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“…The presence of non-viruliferous P. graminis would increase the establishment and spread potential of a soil-borne virus disease should viruliferous P. graminis sporosori or zoospores gain entry to a field (Adams 1990). Continuing vigilance is required to prevent the entry into Australia of furoviruses and bymoviruses carried in soil and pecluviruses carried in soil and seed (Dieryck et al 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Polymyxa graminis in a barley crop in Australia

Thompson¹,

Clewett²,

Jennings³

et al. 2010

Australasian Plant Pathol.

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Polymyxa graminis was detected in the roots of barley plants from a field near Wondai, Queensland, in 2009. P. graminis was identified by characteristic sporosori in roots stained with trypan blue. The presence of P. graminis f. sp. tepida (which is hosted by wheat and oats as well as barley) in the roots was confirmed by specific PCR tests based on nuclear ribosomal DNA. P. graminis is the vector of several damaging soil-borne virus diseases of cereals in the genera Furovirus, Bymovirus and Pecluvirus. No virus particles were detected in sap extracts from leaves of stunted barley plants with leaf chlorosis and increased tillering. Further work is required to determine the distribution of P. graminis in Australian grain crops and the potential for establishment and spread of the exotic soil-borne viruses that it vectors.

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Seed, soil and vegetative transmission contribute to the spread of pecluviruses in Western Africa and the Indian sub-continent

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Biological and genetic diversity of plasmodiophorid-transmitted viruses and their vectors

Biological and genetic diversity of plasmodiophorid-transmitted viruses and their vectors

Interplays between Soil-Borne Plant Viruses and RNA Silencing-Mediated Antiviral Defense in Roots

Detection of Polymyxa graminis in a barley crop in Australia

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