Selective breeding of lodgepole pine increases growth and maintains climatic adaptation

MacLachlan, Ian; Wang, Tongli; Hamann, Andreas; Smets, Pia; Aitken, Sally N.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.008

Cited by 33 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Bud set precedes development of autumn cold hardiness, but the adaptive synchrony of these two processes appears to be temperature‐mediated and flexible in response to selection (Hamilton et al., ; Tanino, Kalcsits, Silim, Kendall, & Gray, ). This is congruent with our recent lodgepole pine findings; delayed bud set did not result in adaptive compromises to cold hardiness of selected seedlings that appeared able to acquire hardiness more rapidly than their natural equivalents (MacLachlan et al., ). In interior spruce, we also find that bud set–cold injury correlations are weak (Table ), and climatic associations with bud set are weak to moderate in both seedling types, unlike those for cold injury (Table ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…From 14 season two height measurements, the growth curve analysis described in MacLachlan et al. () was used to estimate growth rate (cm day −1 ) as the tangent of a four‐parameter sigmoid growth curve. Bud break was recorded weekly from late March to late May of the second growing season, and classified as visible needle emergence from within the apical bud scales.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Autumn cold injury was determined from electrolyte leakage testing of needles following the artificial freeze testing protocol described in MacLachlan et al. (). Cold injury testing was completed over a 3‐week period, commencing on September 16, 2014 (season three), using −15°C and −22°C test temperatures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breeding zone by seedling type means were estimated as BLUEs of the fixed effects using the linear mixed model in Equation (MacLachlan et al., ) implemented in the software package ASReml‐R version 3.0 (Butler, ).

Y_{i j k l m} = μ + S_{j} + Z_{k} + {()(, S^{*} Z)}_{j k} + B_{l} + L {()(, B)}_{l m} + e_{i j k l m},

where

Y_{i j k l m}

is the phenotypic observation of a trait made on individual i from the j th seedling type ( S ) and k th breeding zone ( Z ), grown in the l th block ( B ), at the m th seedling location ( L ) nested within block (

L {(B)}_{l m}

)). S * Z is the seedling type by breeding zone interaction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…latifolia Engelm.). Trade‐offs among lodgepole pine traits were negligible and climatic adaptation was maintained in selectively bred seedlings (MacLachlan, Wang, Hamann, Smets, & Aitken, ). Interior spruce breeding programs of AB and BC have similar procedures for testing, selection, and breeding as lodgepole pine programs, but for the current study our expectations for correlated responses to selection among traits in interior spruce are not straightforward.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth gains from selective breeding in a spruce hybrid zone do not compromise local adaptation to climate

MacLachlan

Yeaman

Aitken

2017

Evolutionary Applications

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Hybrid zones contain extensive standing genetic variation that facilitates rapid responses to selection. The Picea glauca × Picea engelmannii hybrid zone in western Canada is the focus of tree breeding programs that annually produce ~90 million reforestation seedlings. Understanding the direct and indirect effects of selective breeding on adaptive variation is necessary to implement assisted gene flow (AGF) polices in Alberta and British Columbia that match these seedlings with future climates. We decomposed relationships among hybrid ancestry, adaptive traits, and climate to understand the implications of selective breeding for climate adaptations and AGF strategies. The effects of selection on associations among hybrid index estimated from ~6,500 SNPs, adaptive traits, and provenance climates were assessed for ~2,400 common garden seedlings. Hybrid index differences between natural and selected seedlings within breeding zones were small in Alberta (average +2%), but larger and more variable in BC (average −7%, range −24% to +1%), slightly favoring P. glauca ancestry. The average height growth gain of selected seedlings over natural seedlings within breeding zones was 36% (range 12%–86%). Clines in growth with temperature‐related variables were strong, but differed little between selected and natural populations. Seedling hybrid index and growth trait associations with evapotranspiration‐related climate variables were stronger in selected than in natural seedlings, indicating possible preadaptation to drier future climates. Associations among cold hardiness, hybrid ancestry, and cold‐related climate variables dominated signals of local adaptation and were preserved in breeding populations. Strong hybrid ancestry–phenotype–climate associations suggest that AGF will be necessary to match interior spruce breeding populations with shifting future climates. The absence of antagonistic selection responses among traits and maintenance of cold adaptation in selected seedlings suggests breeding populations can be safely redeployed using AGF prescriptions similar to those of natural populations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Y_{i j k l m} = μ + S_{j} + Z_{k} + {()(, S^{*} Z)}_{j k} + B_{l} + L {()(, B)}_{l m} + e_{i j k l m},

where

Y_{i j k l m}

L {(B)}_{l m}

)). S * Z is the seedling type by breeding zone interaction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth gains from selective breeding in a spruce hybrid zone do not compromise local adaptation to climate

MacLachlan

Yeaman

Aitken

2017

Evolutionary Applications

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Direct and correlated responses to artificial selection for growth and water‐use efficiency in a Mediterranean pine

Suárez-Vidal

Sampedro

Climent³

et al. 2021

American J of Botany

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Persistence of tree populations in the face of global change relies on their capacity to respond to biotic and abiotic stressors through plastic or adaptive changes. Genetic adaptation will depend on the additive genetic variation within populations and the heritability of traits related to stress tolerance. Because traits can be genetically linked, selective pressure acting on one trait may lead to correlated responses in other traits. METHODS: To test direct and correlated responses to selection for growth and drought tolerance in Pinus halepensis, we selected trees in a parental population for higher growth and greater water-use efficiency (WUE) and compared their offspring with the offspring of random trees from the parental population in two contrasting common gardens. We estimated direct responses to selection for growth and WUE and correlated responses for growth and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors. RESULTS: We found a strong response to selection and high realized heritability for WUE, but no response to selection for growth. Correlated responses to selection in other lifehistory traits were not significant, except for concentration of some chemical defenses, which was greater in the offspring of mother trees selected for growth than in the offspring of unselected control trees. CONCLUSIONS: The empirical evidence of direct responses to selection for high WUE suggests that P. halepensis has the potential to evolve in response to increasing drought stress. Contrary to expectations, the results are not conclusive of a potential negative impact of WUE and growth selection on other key life-history traits. KEY WORDS chemical defenses; correlated responses to selection; direct responses to selection; drought stress; global change; intrinsic water-use efficiency; Mediterranean pine; productivity; realized heritability; terpenes.

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Long-term logging residue loadings affect tree growth but not soil nutrients in Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud. forests

Wei

Waterhouse

et al. 2020

Annals of Forest Science

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& Key message The 19-year monitoring study revealed continuously positive and dynamic responses of tree growth to logging residue loadings. However, the lack of changes in soil nutrients suggested that increased growth might result from enhanced nutrient cycling with no net accumulation in the soil. & Context Understanding how logging residue loadings affect soil nutrients and forest growth is critical for designing management strategies for sustaining long-term productivity in forest ecosystems. & Aims We aimed to examine the relationships among logging residue loadings, soil nutrients, and tree growth over a long-term field experiment in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud.) forests. & Methods We established a field experiment in 1996 to examine the responses of lodgepole pine growth and soil nutrients to four residue loading treatments in the central interior of British Columbia, Canada. The four treatments were removal of all residues on the forest floor (N, 0 mg ha −1 ), residues loading similar to whole-tree harvesting (W, 35-45 mg ha −1 ), residues loading similar to stem-only harvesting (S, 60-70 mg ha −1 ), and residues loading similar to that found in disease-or insect-killed forests (D, 100-120 mg ha −1 ). & Results Logging residue loadings had significantly positive and dynamic effects on diameter and height growths. The logging residue loadings did not significantly change soil nutrients in mineral soil pools in the long run, and there was no difference in tree growth between the treatments S and W over the study period. & Conclusion Logging residue loadings significantly improved tree growth. The lack of response of soil nutrients leads to the hypothesis that nutrient fluxes from logging residues might play a more important role in tree growth in lodgepole pine forests. Our results can have important implications for bio-energy production and designing of nature-based practices for sustainable forest productivity.

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Selective breeding of lodgepole pine increases growth and maintains climatic adaptation

Cited by 33 publications

References 39 publications

Growth gains from selective breeding in a spruce hybrid zone do not compromise local adaptation to climate

Growth gains from selective breeding in a spruce hybrid zone do not compromise local adaptation to climate

Direct and correlated responses to artificial selection for growth and water‐use efficiency in a Mediterranean pine

Long-term logging residue loadings affect tree growth but not soil nutrients in Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud. forests

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