Self-stress sensing smart concrete containing fine steel slag aggregates and steel fibers under high compressive stress

Self-Sensing Alkali-Activated Materials: A Review

“…The first region of temperature sensing of reported applications is situated approximately between -30 • C up to around 50 • C. This section encapsulates most of the temperature sensing tests that have been carried out and corresponds to the majority of field and civil engineering applications. The behaviour for this temperature range is fairly straightforward as when the temperature increases, the resistance of the material decreases [24,26,27,65,87,131,139,[148][149][150].…”

“…While the resistance for OPC binders has been reported for various temperatures, the sensing response has not been characterized as it has for AAMs. Figure 11 provides temperature characterization curves for conductive-fibre laced OPC composites reported in [131,139,149,150]. These data were not explicitly included in the original references but were determined based on the reported dependencies of electrical resistance, resistivity, or impedance, on temperature.…”

Nanoparticle-reinforced building materials with applications in civil engineering

“…With development of economy, the serving environment of most concrete structures becomes more demanding, which indicates that measures must be taken to improve the durability of concrete materials. As a result, a large number of researchers have devoted themselves to improve durability of concrete materials by adding some reinforcement materials into traditional concrete materials, such as various short fiber reinforced materials (including steel, polypropylene, and polyvinyl alcohol fiber), [1][2][3][4][5][6] mineral admixtures (such as fly ash, silica fume, and blast furnace slag), [7][8][9][10] and nano-materials (nano-SiO 2 , nano-CaCO 3 , nano-Fe 3 O 4 , nano-TiO 2 ). [11][12][13][14] Nanotechnology encompasses manipulation of the structure at the nanometer scale to develop a new generation of tailored, multifunctional, cementitious composites with superior mechanical performance and durability.…”

Electromechanical Response of Smart Ultra-High Performance Concrete under External Loads Corresponding to Different Electrical Measurements

“…The self-sensing mechanisms of SCMs containing the functional fillers under external loads can be classified corresponding to the type of functional fillers (particle- or fiber- type). The SCMs containing particle-type functional fillers (e.g., nickel powder, carbon black, and steel slag aggregates) have exhibited sensing mechanisms that are primarily based on a conductive network or tunneling effect, regardless of the current sources [ 8 , 14 , 15 ]. On the other hand, the self-sensing mechanisms of SCMs containing fiber-type functional fillers (e.g., Ni nanowire, carbon, PVA, and steel fibers) are dependent upon loading conditions [ 3 , 5 , 16 , 17 ].…”

“…On the other hand, the self-sensing mechanisms of SCMs containing fiber-type functional fillers (e.g., Ni nanowire, carbon, PVA, and steel fibers) are dependent upon loading conditions [ 3 , 5 , 16 , 17 ]. Under compression, the self-sensing mechanisms of SCMs containing fiber-type functional fillers are similar to that of those containing particle-type functional fillers [ 8 , 17 , 18 ]. However, under tension, the self-sensing mechanisms of SCMs were found to be different and closely related to the electrical resistance of their bonded and debonded fiber-matrix interfaces during fiber pullout [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”