Separable and Error-Free Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image Based on Two-Layer Pixel Errors

Yu, Chunqiang; Zhang, Xianquan; Tang, Zhenjun; Xie, Xiaojun

doi:10.1109/access.2018.2882563

Cited by 16 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In order to demonstrate superiority of the proposed method, we compare the proposed method with different framework methods [31,35,36,38,39] in terms of maximum pure embedding rate and reconstructed image quality with only encryption key. It is noted that the method by Yu et al [31] is based on the VRBE framework, while the other methods [35,36,38,39] are based on the BBRE framework. In particular, two MSB prediction methods proposed by Puteaux et al [38] and Yi et al [39] are overwhelmingly related with the proposed method.…”

Section: Comparisons With Related Methods and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For RDH in the encrypted domain, the visual quality of the reconstructed image with only knowledge of the encryption key is an important evaluating index. Our method was compared with other relevant methods [31,35,36,38,39]. To do this, the well-known images of Lena, Airplane, and Man were used.…”

Section: Comparisons With Related Methods and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For an image, the higher the embedding rate is, the higher the distortion of the decrypted image. In [31], a separable and error-free reversible data-hiding method for encrypted images based on two-layer pixel error is proposed. A histogram of the error of two adjacent layers of encrypted pixels is used to embed the secret data through histogram shifting to generate a labeled encrypted image.…”

Section: Comparisons With Related Methods and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The receiver can perform different operations according to the available keys. This can be applied in many scenarios such as Cloud storage, medical image management system.In general, RDHEI can be divided into two categories, namely, vacating room after encryption (VRAE) [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] or reserving room before encryption (RRBE) [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Puech et al [22] used an AES (advanced encryption standard) encryption algorithm to encrypt the original image, and then randomly selected a location in each 4×4 pixel block to embed the secret bits.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Li et al [30] divide the image into several crosses, the pixels of each cross are encrypted with the same key, and secret data is embedded by shifting the difference histogram of the encrypted image. Yu et al [31] encrypted the original image with key transmission and calculated two-layer pixel errors to generate an error histogram with three peak bins. Data hiding is performed by shifting the error histogram.In order to improve the embedding rate, Ma et al [32] first proposed a RRBE-based method.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image Based on Multi-MSB Embedding Strategy

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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In this paper, a reversible data hiding method in encrypted image (RDHEI) is proposed. Prior to image encryption, the embeddable pixels are selected from an original image according to prediction errors due to adjacent pixels with strong correlation. Then the embeddable pixels and the other pixels are both rearranged and encrypted to generate an encrypted image. Secret bits are directly embedded into the multiple MSBs (most significant bit) of the embeddable pixels in the encrypted image to generate a marked encrypted image during the encoding phase. In the decoding phase, secret bits can be extracted from the multiple MSBs of the embeddable pixels in the marked encrypted image. Moreover, the original embeddable pixels are restored losslessly by using correlation of the adjacent pixels. Thus, a reconstructed image with high visual quality can be obtained only when the encryption key is available. Since exploiting multiple MSBs of the embeddable pixels, the proposed method can obtain a very large embedding capacity. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to achieve an average embedding rate as large as 1.7215 bpp (bits per pixel) for the BOW-2 database.Nowadays, RDHEI has received increasing attention in the research community, in which both the original image and secret data need to be protected. In RDHEI, image encryption and data embedding are accomplished by different users separately. The content-owner first encrypts the original image to a noise-like one according to encryption key, then the data hider embeds secret data into the encrypted image using a data-hiding key without knowing its original content. The receiver can perform different operations according to the available keys. This can be applied in many scenarios such as Cloud storage, medical image management system.In general, RDHEI can be divided into two categories, namely, vacating room after encryption (VRAE) [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] or reserving room before encryption (RRBE) [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Puech et al. [22] used an AES (advanced encryption standard) encryption algorithm to encrypt the original image, and then randomly selected a location in each 4×4 pixel block to embed the secret bits. In order to extract secret bits during the decryption phase, they performed a local standard deviation analysis of the marked image. The embedding rate (ER) of this method is very small, i.e., only 0.0625 bpp. Zhang [23] encrypted the original image using the stream cipher firstly and then divided the encrypted image into blocks and each pixel block was divided into two parts. In one part, the three LSBs of each pixel were flipped to embed a secret bit. On the receiver side, a fluctuation function was designed for data extraction and image recovery. Yu et al. [24] improves the method of Zhang et al. [23], so that the visual quality of decrypted images is improved. Wu et al.[25] adopted a prediction error to introduce two RDH methods in the encryption domain, namely, joint method and separable method. In or...

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