Separation of honokiol and magnolol by intermittent counter-current extraction

Sequential Centrifugal Partition Chromatography

“…The few experimental demonstrations of the process have shown its potential (Audo and Le Quemeneur, 2012;Hewitson et al, 2009Hewitson et al, , 2011Hopmann and Minceva, 2012;Peng et al, 2010;Hopmann et al, 2012a,b;Goll et al, 2013). The separations were performed in units with hydrostatic (Goll et al, 2013;Hopmann et al, 2012a,b;Hopmann and Minceva, 2012) and hydrodynamic (Hewitson et al, , 2011Peng et al, 2010) columns and are summarized in Table 10.1.…”

Steady state preparative multiple dual mode counter-current chromatography: Productivity and selectivity. Theory and experimental verification

“…In cyclic DM CCC processes (intermittent counter-current extraction (ICCE), intermittent CCC (ICCC) and multiple dual-mode CCC (MDM CCC)), the separation consists of a succession of two isocratic counter-current steps carried out in series alternating between normal phase and reversed phase operation. In ICCE, the sample is continuously introduced at the middle of the column or between two columns [10,12,13,16,17]; after several cycles, the concentration profiles of solutes eluted with both phases become constant. In ICCC, in contrast to ICCE, the sample is injected into the column during a short time, and the separation is non-steady state [10,22].…”

“…A general and distinctive feature of counter-current chromatography (CCC) separation processes is the mobility of both phases [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], which allowed to develop and implement various dual-mode (DM) operating schemes, where both phases are countercurrently moving through a chromatographic column [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. As is well known, the separation power of the countercurrent processes is much higher than that of conventional chromatography processes, as they require a much smaller number of theoretical plates to solve separation problems.…”

Modeling of closed-loop recycling liquid–liquid chromatography: Analytical solutions and model analysis

“…The mobility of both phases in CCC allows the implementing of cyclic dual-mode counter-current processes, in which the CCC separation consists of a succession of two isocratic counter-current steps and is carried out in series alternating between normal phase and reversed phase operation, each phase eluting alternately through the opposite ends of the column [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The sample is fed at the beginning [8,[10][11][12][13][14] or into the middle section [3][4][5][6][7] of a column and moves forward and back with the phases inside the column. This shuttle movement of the sample actually corresponds to an increase in length of the column, which requires no increase in the column inlet pressure.…”