Septic Arthritis of the Glenohumeral Joint: A Report of 11 Cases and Review of the Literature

Abstract

Eleven cases (6 adults and 5 pediatrics) of shoulder septic arthritis are described, and the English literature from 1960 to 1997 reviewed, for a total of 168 cases. Shoulder septic arthritis is an uncommon and difficult diagnosis requiring a high index of suspicion and early evaluation of the affected shoulder by the clinician. The disease usually involves very young infants or elderly patients (65-75 years old). Associated medical conditions were identified in 60% of the patients and include systemic disorders such as liver diseases, alcoholism, and malignancies in 46%; preceding chronic arthritic disorders in 24%; and associated infectious focus in 13% of the patients. Associated infections were more prevalent in the pediatric population. Intravenous drug abuse appears not to constitute a major risk factor; it was identified in less than 5% of patients. All patients presented with acute shoulder ache or with exacerbation of existing chronic pain in joints previously damaged. Elevated body temperature (over 38 degrees C) appeared in 67% of the adult patients and in over 90% of the pediatric patients. Shoulder arthritis was frequently accompanied by an accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate that may rise above 100 mm/hr. Increased white blood cell count was found in approximately 40% of patients. The initial X-rays were frequently normal, while ultrasonography supported the diagnosis in some cases by demonstrating accumulation of fluid inside the joint space. Aspiration of synovial fluid from the affected glenohumeral joint was necessary to evaluate the offending pathogen. False-negative Gram stain appeared in approximately 90% of the patients, whereas synovial fluid cultures demonstrated the pathogen in 88% of patients. Blood cultures were positive in 50% of adult patients and 90% of pediatric patients. The most common isolated pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus, which accounted for 41% of infections. Gram-negative bacilli, which accounted for about 20% of infections, are more prevalent in the pediatric population, especially the neonates. Pyogenic shoulder arthritis should first be treated with intravenous antibiotics, effective at least against staphylococcal infections, until the organisms and sensitivities are identified. Duration of antibiotic therapy should be 3-6 weeks. Unfortunately, our experience in addition to the literature summary does not allow statistical analysis and firm conclusions concerning the best therapeutic approach. However, it appears that in the adult population an operative draining procedure is preferred, whereas in the pediatric population, a closed needle aspiration, if needed at all, is the optimal treatment. With prompt antibiotic therapy and drainage of the shoulder, the patient can be expected to improve clinically, with no serious long-term debilitating effects from the disease.

Stage-dependant management of septic arthritis of the shoulder in adults

“…With regard to comorbidities we found at least one risk factor in 88% of patients involving joint infections (renal failure, diabetes, malignancy, alcoholism, systemic immunosuppressive therapy, obesity, and nicotine abuse). This notion is supported by several other authors, reporting a prevalence of comorbidities of up to 87% [3,9].…”

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum septic arthritis secondary to intra-articular injection – a case report and literature review

“…Therefore, as a potential skin pathogen, one should consider its potential for infecting a joint via iatrogenic inoculation. A high index of suspicion is important since Gram staining is relatively insensitive for detection of septic arthritis, with false-negative rates ranging from 25 to 50 % for nongonococcal septic arthritis (Lossos et al, 1998), with an increasing sensitivity of up to 90 % in synovial fluid culture.…”

Septic arthritis of the shoulder in children in Malawi

“…2,[12][13][14][15] In a literature review of 471 children with septic arthritis by Jackson and Nelson, 16 only 4% (18/471) had involvement of the shoulder. Gillespie 17 found a similar percentage (3%) in his series of 102 children.…”

“…6,15,17,[19][20][21] There is no obvious reason to account for this gender difference, although it may be that boys are more likely to sustain repeated minor injury to the shoulder.…”

“…15,22,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] Many authors, however, are divided on the best way to drain the shoulder in children. Some recommend aspiration for all septic shoulders and some arthrotomy.…”