Serological markers of hepatitis B, C, and E viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 infections in pregnant women in Bali, Indonesia

Abstract

Except for hepatitis B virus (HBV), there have been few data on serological markers of hepatitis viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and E virus (HEV), and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) in Bali, Indonesia. During 5 months from April to August 2003, sera were collected from 2,450 pregnant women at eight jurisdictions in Bali, and they were tested for markers of these viruses. Only one (0.04%) was positive for antibody to HCV, but none for antibody to HIV. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 46 (1.9%) at a prevalence significantly lower than that in 271 of the 10,526 (2.6%) pregnant women in Bali surveyed 10 years previously (P < 0.045). The prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen in pregnant women with HBsAg decreased, also, from 50% to 28% during the 10 years (P < 0.011). Antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) was examined in 819 pregnant women who had been randomly selected from the 2,450. The overall prevalence of anti-HEV was 18%, and there were substantial regional differences spanning from 5% at Tabanan district to 32% at Gianyar district. Furthermore, the prevalence of anti-HEV differed substantially by their religions. In the Sanglah area of Denpasar City, for instance, anti-HEV was detected in 20 of the 102 (20%) Hindus, significantly more frequently than in only 2 of the 101 (2.0%) Muslims (P < 0.001). Swine that are prohibited to Muslims, therefore, is likely to serve as a reservoir of HEV in Bali. In conclusion, HBV is decreasing, HCV and HIV have not prevailed, as yet, while HEV is endemic probably through zoonotic infection in Bali.

Molecular epidemiology of HIV, HBV, HCV, and HTLV-1/2 in drug abuser inmates in central Javan prisons, Indonesia

“…The HCV prevalence among the drug abuser inmates was high (34.1%) compare with the general population in Indonesia [35][36][37][38][39][40] and higher than the prevalence among general prisoners in Banceuy Prison (18.6%) [2]. However, the prevalence was lower than that in children with hematological diseases (39%) [41] and in hemophilia patients (56.9%) [42].…”

HBcrAg and Hiv Seroprevalence Among Apparently Healthy Blood Donors In Federal Medical Centre Nguru, Yobe State, Nigeria.

“…It is however, higher than the 5.8% obtained in Edo State, Nigeria (Umolu et al, 2005), 1.6% in Rome, Italy, and 1.9% in Bali, Indonesia (Surya et al, 2005). Factors affecting the prevalence of chronic HBV include age at the time of infection and mode of acquisition which vary geographically (Luetkemeyer, 2010).…”

Maternal-child health

“…Data on hepatitis B prevalence in pregnant women are limited in number as well as study coverage. Research in West Java (1985) stated 4.7% of HBV carriers and 1.9% in Bali (2005) with women from low socioeconomic and education levels being more prone to this infection than others (Putu Surya IG et al, 2005;Raniers J et al, 1987).…”