Except for hepatitis B virus (HBV), there have been few data on serological markers of hepatitis viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and E virus (HEV), and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) in Bali, Indonesia. During 5 months from April to August 2003, sera were collected from 2,450 pregnant women at eight jurisdictions in Bali, and they were tested for markers of these viruses. Only one (0.04%) was positive for antibody to HCV, but none for antibody to HIV. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 46 (1.9%) at a prevalence significantly lower than that in 271 of the 10,526 (2.6%) pregnant women in Bali surveyed 10 years previously (P < 0.045). The prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen in pregnant women with HBsAg decreased, also, from 50% to 28% during the 10 years (P < 0.011). Antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) was examined in 819 pregnant women who had been randomly selected from the 2,450. The overall prevalence of anti-HEV was 18%, and there were substantial regional differences spanning from 5% at Tabanan district to 32% at Gianyar district. Furthermore, the prevalence of anti-HEV differed substantially by their religions. In the Sanglah area of Denpasar City, for instance, anti-HEV was detected in 20 of the 102 (20%) Hindus, significantly more frequently than in only 2 of the 101 (2.0%) Muslims (P < 0.001). Swine that are prohibited to Muslims, therefore, is likely to serve as a reservoir of HEV in Bali. In conclusion, HBV is decreasing, HCV and HIV have not prevailed, as yet, while HEV is endemic probably through zoonotic infection in Bali.

Introduction: Preterm labor is still a global problem because it affects perinatal morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. An increase in hs-CRP in pregnant women is associated with the incidence of preterm labor. This study was conducted to prove that high serum hs-CRP levels are a risk factor for preterm labor. Method: The method used in this study is an observational case-control study, in which pregnant women with preterm labor are in cases group, whereas preterm pregnant women that are not in labor, included in control group. Cases and controls were not matched in the gestational age variable. In both groups blood samples were taken. Blood sampling was taken in the cubital vein to examine the serum levels of hs-CRP. From the data collected, data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0. In this study, after the data normality test was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the result p values <0.05 or abnormal distribution data, the Mann Whitney test was chosen. A Chi-square test was performed to determine the increase in serum hs-CRP levels as a risk of preterm labor. Result: hs-CRP levels as a risk of preterm labor. Calculation of the OR is 19.46 times with 95% CI: 2.25-168.27. Conclusion: it can be concluded that high levels of hs-CRP as a risk factor for preterm labor.

No abstract

Background: Improving maternal and child health can be achieved through programs aimed at reducing maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR). Apart from going through a normal delivery, labor can also be done by abdominal surgery/ cesarean section (CS). A safe and timely Cesarean Section (CS) remains a major challenge in countries with high MMR, which poses new challenges to these countries in being able to minimize CS without clinical indication. This study aims to determine the rates and characteristics of patients underwent CS, indications of CS, as well as the rate of CS based on Robson's classification system. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of labor and delivery cases in the Sanglah General Hospital Denpasar was conducted from the period of 1stJanuary 2018 - 31st December 2018. Results: From 1121 deliveries in 2018, the rates of CS in that period were 34.3%. As many as 28.1% were the age of 25-29 years. The 31.9% subjects were primigravida, with the gestational age was term around 66%. The majority of samples around 73.2% did not have a history of previous CS. Using Robson criteria, we found that the biggest contribution for CS rate was from group 10 (23.38%), then group 5 (15.84%) and group 2 (13.51%). Conclusion: Around 385 cases of labor with CS were obtained from a total of 1121 deliveries in 2018 (34.3%). The highest rate was found in the age group of 25-29 years, mothers with first pregnancy (primigravida), most of the gestational age was term, majority did not have a history of previous CS and the highest contribution of CS rate was from Robson group 10 (23.38%).