Serological survey and associated risk factors' analysis of Trypanosomiasis in camels from Southern Tunisia

Kalthoum, Sana; Monia, Lachtar; Ameni, Ben Salem; Haikel, Hajlaoui; Imed, Ben Slimane; Walid, Chendoul; Bouabdella, Hechmi; Bassem, Bel Haj Mohamed; Hafedh, Dabbek; Samed, Bennaceur; Makram, Ourabi; Atef, Ben Houcine; Bouajila, Mohsen; Taib, Khelifi; Ammar, Jamii; Seghaier, Chedia; Habib, Jemli Mohamed

doi:10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00231

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In the present study, the risk of T. evansi infection increased with the camel age, with camels older than 6 years having the highest risk of infection than young camels (1–3 years). Similarly, previous reports found that T. evansi infection or seropositivity were higher on adult camels (> 4 years) than young ones 5 , 13 , 39 . However, other studies have found a higher rate of T. evansi infection in young camels 33 , 40 and no association between of T. evansi infection and camel age 41 , 42 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels

Selim

Alafari

Attia

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Surra is a non-cyclic parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and spread by biting flies. The disease has a severe impact on camel health, productivity, and market value, posing a significant threat to food safety and the economy. In a cross-sectional study, 370 blood samples were collected from camels in three Egyptian governorates. Samples were tested using parasitological (thin blood smear (TBS)), card agglutination test for T. evansi (CATT), and PCR to estimate the prevalence of T. evansi infection. Overall, the prevalence of T. evansi among examined camels was 17.3%, 18.9% and 22.7% using TBS, CATT and PCR methods, respectively. The risk of T. evansi infection in older camels (> 10 years) is higher than that in young ones (odds ratio (OR) = 9; 95% CI: 3.5–23.1), particularly during spring (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1–5.7). Furthermore, females and poor conditioned camels were 2.6 and four times more likely to get infection than males and good conditioned camels, respectively. The level of agreement between diagnostics tests were perfect kappa (> 0.83). Moreover, CATT showed higher sensitivity (0.83; 95% CI: 0.74–0.91) than TBS (0.76; 95% CI: 0.66–0.85) and both had perfect specificity (100%). In conclusion, our findings revealed a high rate of T. evansi infection in camels from the three Egyptian governorates. The CATT is a good test for routine use in control program of trypanosomiasis in camels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…However, another study found that males are more susceptible to infection than females due to physical work-related stress and exhaustion, movement in search of food and water, and thus increased vector exposure 45 . Furthermore, few studies have reported no differences in T. evansi seroprevalence between males and females 5 , 39 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels

Selim

Alafari

Attia

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…In the current study, no appreciable difference in the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis by gender was found. This needs to be confirmed in the future using proportionate numbers of both sexes, as the majority of the camels evaluated [11,24,43,50]. In contrast to our study, Selim et al reported a significantly higher prevalence in female camels than in male camels.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Trypanosomosis in Dromedary Camels in the Pastoral Areas of the Guji Zone in Ethiopia

Alemu,

Abebe

2023

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Camel trypanosomosis is a life-threatening disease with adverse effects on camel health, production, and working efficiency. Despite this, camel trypanosomosis has received much less attention in Ethiopia compared with the disease in cattle and other animals. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis, identify the potential risk factors, and determine the importance of trypanosomosis in causing anemia in camels in the Gorodola and Liben districts in the Guji Zone of Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia. To this end, blood samples were collected from randomly selected 450 camels in heparinized capillary tubes and analyzed for the presence of Trypanosoma evansi using the buffy coat technique and Giemsa-stained thin smears. T. evansi infection was detected in 24 (5.3%) of the 450 camels examined. Out of the four variables analyzed in this study, two factors, such as body condition (BC) score and age, were found to be significantly ( P < 0.05 ) associated with trypanosomosis in camels. A higher prevalence of trypanosomosis was observed in camels in poor BC (13.22%) than in camels in good (4.62%) or moderate (1.01%) BC. Likewise, adult camels (8.09%) were infected more frequently than young camels (1.12%), whereas no trypanosomes were detected in camel calves under 2 years of age. No significant statistical difference was found between the two districts, and male and female camels ( P > 0.05 ). Statistically, the mean packed cell volume was significantly lower ( P < 0.05 ) in parasitemic camels ( 26.5 % ± 7 ) as compared with aparasitemic camels ( 33.9 % ± 9.1 ). In conclusion, the current study conducted during a dry season showed a moderate prevalence of trypanosomosis in camels. Further studies using more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests, such as miniature anion-exchange centrifugation technique, serology, or molecular tests, are needed to establish a true epidemiological dataset on the prevalence and seasonality of the disease and its vectors in the study area to recommend viable control measures.

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“…This result was slightly higher than those reported previously (Nurcahyo et al 2019) when the study was done during wet season (January to March) who found 12.9%. The two different seroprevalence within the same location of study and using the same assay of CATT, may be associated with seasonal reason, as one factor, although no association mainly between sex and age was reported (Benaissa et al 2020;Sana et al 2022). Using several methods for diagnosing T. evansi in horses, the CATT method was considered the most appropriate choice and sensitive for serological surveys, it can give the highest rate (14.4%) compared to PCR (1.3%) and WOOS test (0.5%), suggesting the PCR and the WOOS test were more specific, so that the seropositive status of animals should be further confirmed using the PCR method on satellite DNA targets (Tehseen et al 2017;Kim et al 2024).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Investigation into Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Horses in East Sumba-Indonesia

2024

Int J Vet Sci

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Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a blood parasite, the causative agent of Trypanosomiasis (Surra) in many animal species primarily horses. In Indonesia, surra is a major disease of horses causing a catastrophic outbreak in Sumba Island killed thousands of horses during 2010-2012. Diagnosis of the disease is frequently based on parasitological technique. The aims of this study were to investigate T. evansi infection using both serological, parasitological and hematological techniques in horses in East Sumba. A total of 270 blood samples were randomly collected from both sexes of the healthy-looking animals for serum tested with Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT), and blood smear for detecting the presence of the parasite and for the leukocyte sub-population respectively. The results showed that 24.81% (67/270) of the samples were positive antibody to T. evansi antigen, and only 2.2% (6/270) of the serologically positive samples were also confirmed positive with the parasite. The leukocytes sub-population of the parasite-positive animals consisted of lymphocytes 60-98% (82.17 ± 14.43%), monocyte 0-4% (1.5 ± 1.76%), neutrophiles 0-40% (16.17±14.57%), eosinophils 0% and basophils 0-1% (0.17±0.41%) respectively. It was concluded that the seroprevalence of investigated animals were almost 25%, 2.2% of them suffered with parasitemia, lymphocytosis and neutropenia. This data suggesting a positive correlation between the applied tests, and it was considered as a novel diagnostic confirmation regarding Surra infection in the region.

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Serological survey and associated risk factors' analysis of Trypanosomiasis in camels from Southern Tunisia

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels

Prevalence and animal level risk factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Trypanosomosis in Dromedary Camels in the Pastoral Areas of the Guji Zone in Ethiopia

Investigation into Trypanosoma evansi Infection in Horses in East Sumba-Indonesia

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