Serum and Dietary Magnesium and the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Kao, W. H. Linda; Folsom, Aaron R.; Nieto, F. Javier; Mo, Jingping; Watson, Robert I.; Brancati, F. L.

doi:10.1001/archinte.159.18.2151

Cited by 377 publications

(311 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…[18][19][20][21][22][23] Recently, we reported that appropriate supplementation of Mg 2ϩ suppressed the decrease of Mg 2ϩ concentration and the increase of Ca 2ϩ concentration in SCR rat lenses, resulting in delayed cataract development. 24) These findings suggest that the Mg 2ϩ concentration in the lens relates to the progression of lens opacification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Intracellular ATP Levels in Human Lens Epithelial Cells

Nagai

Fukuhata

Ito

2007

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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The development of cataracts is a phenomenon in which the eye becomes opaque resulting in severe visual impairment. Numerous factors have been implicated in the etiology of cataracts, including genetic factors, diabetes, smoking, nutrition, the cumulative effect of X-rays, ultraviolet irradiation, and alteration in both endocrine and enzymatic equilibrium. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Cataractous lenses have an altered distribution of the intracellular ionic environment. In human senile cataract, Dilsiz et al. 6) reported that lens ionic imbalance with increased levels of calcium (Ca 2ϩ ) and sodium (Na ϩ ), coupled with decreased levels of magnesium (Mg 2ϩ ) and potassium (K ϩ ), is related to cataract development. Currently, reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced by UV rays in sunlight, are considered important in perturbing lens homeostasis. Therefore, exposure to ROS results in a breakdown of lens homeostasis, and the Ca 2ϩ concentration in the lens becomes elevated. The elevated Ca 2ϩ concentration in the lens has been induced to activate calpain, a Ca 2ϩ -dependent protease. Furthermore, the degradation of lens proteins such as crystallin proteins would result in an opaque lens. 6,7) A decrease of plasma membrane Ca 2ϩ -ATPase, which regulates the Ca 2ϩ concentration in the lens, is one possible reason for the increase of Ca 2ϩ concentration in cataract development. However, this possibility is very unlikely, because our previous report showed that Ca 2ϩ -ATPase gene expression and activity in UPL rats, which is a hereditary cataract model rat, lenses increased with the progression of lens opacification. 8) On the other hand, we previously reported that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lenses of UPL rat increased with the development of cataracts, and the increase of iNOS markedly decreased the ATP content in UPL rat lenses. 8) Therefore, it is possible that the increase of Ca 2ϩ concentration in cataract development is caused by decrease of plasma membrane Ca 2ϩ -ATPase function.The present study assesses the effects of Mg 2ϩ deficiency on NO production, the ATP level and ATPase activity in human lens epithelial (HLE) cells. Ibaraki et al. 9) established the human lens epithelial cell line, SRA 01/04. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell Culture and TreatmentsThe HLE cells were donated by Professor Ibaraki (Jichi Medical School Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan). The HLE cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium containing either a normal (Mg 2ϩ 0.77 mM, Invitrogen, Tokyo, Japan) or Mg 2ϩ -deficient concentration (Mg 2ϩ 0.021 mM, Nissui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Japan), supplemented with heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum 10 (v/v) % and gentamicin 10 mg/l. The Mg 2ϩ -deficient medium used according to the concentration of Mg 2ϩ markedly increased the production of IL-1b, TNF-a by rat alveolar macrophages. 10) All cultures were performed in a chamber with a 5% CO 2 atmosphere and 100% humidity at 37°C. In order to compare normal Mg 2ϩ and Mg 2ϩ -deficient medium, two experiments were performed. Each treatment ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Intracellular ATP Levels in Human Lens Epithelial Cells

Nagai

Fukuhata

Ito

2007

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…Urinary excretion of magnesium is raised in people with diabetes and it has been suggested that hypomagnesaemia is a possible consequence of diabetes (Khan et al, 1999). However, prospective studies have found both low serum magnesium and low dietary magnesium intakes to be inversely associated with the incidence of T2DM, suggesting that low magnesium intake and status predates the diabetic condition (Colditz et al, 1992;Salmeron et al, 1997a, b;Kao et al, 1999;Meyer et al, 2000). Further, Liu et al (2000) found that the median dietary magnesium intakes of female nurses increased from 248 to 342 mg/day across quintiles of whole grain intake.…”

Section: Nutrient Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes

2004

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This review examines the evidence for the role of whole grain foods and legumes in the aetiology and management of diabetes. MedLine and SilverPlatter ('Nutrition' and 'Food Science FSTA') databases were searched to identify epidemiological and experimental studies relating to the effects of whole grain foods and legumes on indicators of carbohydrate metabolism. Epidemiological studies strongly support the suggestion that high intakes of whole grain foods protect against the development of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). People who consume B3 servings per day of whole grain foods are less likely to develop T2DM than low consumers (o3 servings per week) with a risk reduction in the order of 20-30%. The role of legumes in the prevention of diabetes is less clear, possibly because of the relatively low intake of leguminous foods in the populations studied. However, legumes share several qualities with whole grains of potential benefit to glycaemic control including slow release carbohydrate and a high fibre content. A substantial increase in dietary intake of legumes as replacement food for more rapidly digested carbohydrate might therefore be expected to improve glycaemic control and thus reduce incident diabetes. This is consistent with the results of dietary intervention studies that have found improvements in glycaemic control after increasing the dietary intake of whole grain foods, legumes, vegetables and fruit. The benefit has been attributed to an increase in soluble fibre intake. However, prospective studies have found that soluble fibre intake is not associated with a lower incidence of T2DM. On the contrary, it is cereal fibre that is largely insoluble that is associated with a reduced risk of developing T2DM. Despite this, the addition of wheat bran to the diets of diabetic people has not improved indicators of glycaemic control. These apparently contradictory findings might be explained by metabolic studies that have indicated improvement in glucose handling is associated with the intact structure of food. For both grains and legumes, fine grinding disrupts cell structures and renders starch more readily accessible for digestion. The extent to which the intact structure of grains and legumes or the composition of foods in terms of dietary fibre and other constituents contribute to the beneficial effect remains to be quantified. Other mechanisms to help explain improvements in glycaemic control when consuming whole grains and legumes relate to cooking, type of starch, satiety and nutrient retention. Thus, there is strong evidence to suggest that eating a variety of whole grain foods and legumes is beneficial in the prevention and management of diabetes. This is compatible with advice from around the world that recommends consumption of a wide range of carbohydrate foods from cereals, vegetables, legumes and fruits both for the general population and for people with diabetes.

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“…22 These findings suggest that hypomagnesemia could be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, 22 insulin resistance, 25 -27 and type 2 diabetes. 28 Although the experimental magnesium deficiency in rats induces an exacerbated immune stress response 29 that increase the levels of acute-phase reactants, the significance of this finding has received little attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between serum magnesium levels and C-reactive protein concentration, in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive obese subjects

Guerrero‐Romero

Rodrı́guez-Morán

2002

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between serum magnesium levels and C-reactive protein (CRP) in non-diabetic, nonhypertensive obese subjects. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A total of 371 subjects, 101 men and 270 women. Of them 138 lean (37.2%), 133 (35.9%) overweight, and 100 (26.9%) were obese, matched by age. MEASUREMENTS: Fasting and 2 h serum glucose following a 75 g oral glucose load. Fasting serum total cholesterol, HDL-and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin; and magnesium levels; urinary protein excretion; body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and blood pressure. RESULTS: The presence of CRP was documented in four (2.9%) lean, 13 (9.8%) overweight, and 20 (20.0%) obese subjects, and decreased magnesium levels (equal or less than 1.8 mg=dl), in 2 (1.45%) lean, 7 (5.2%) overweight, and 19 (19%) obese subjects. The lowest serum magnesium levels and the highest CRP concentrations were documented in the obese subjects. Twenty-three (82.1%) of the subjects with low serum magnesium (five overweight and 18 obese) showed CRP concentration equal or more than 10 mg=l. There was a graded significant decrease between CRP concentration and serum magnesium levels (r ¼ 70.39, P ¼ 0.002). The odds ratio (CI 95% ) between magnesium and CRP adjusted by age, sex, BMI and glucose tolerance status for the subjects within the low quartile of magnesium distribution was 2.11 (1.23 -3.84). CONCLUSION:The results of this study show that low serum magnesium levels are independently related to elevated CRP concentration, in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive obese subjects.

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Serum and Dietary Magnesium and the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Cited by 377 publications

References 49 publications

Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Intracellular ATP Levels in Human Lens Epithelial Cells

Effect of Magnesium Deficiency on Intracellular ATP Levels in Human Lens Epithelial Cells

Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes

Relationship between serum magnesium levels and C-reactive protein concentration, in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive obese subjects

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