Serum concentrations of FSH, oestradiol, oestrone and androstenedione in normal and obese women

Estradiol replacement extends the window of opportunity for hippocampal function

“…These fortuitous results, we believe, are directly linked to continued ovarian function throughout life in female rats, in contrast to the cessation of ovarian function and hormone production during menopause and aging in women, primates, and mice (Klinga, et al, 1982, Mobbs, et al, 1984, Walker and Herndon, 2008). Because cyclic regulation of ovarian function by the hypothalamus is decreased in aging, most female rats enter a state of constant estrus or diestrus, with some continuing to cycle throughout life (Chakraborty and Gore, 2004, Hung, et al, 2003).…”

“…Importantly, the loss of E2 effectiveness in the 19 month post-OVX group is due to the duration of E2 deprivation rather than chronological age because the hippocampus in rats aged with intact ovaries prior to undergoing OVX at the same chronological age as the 19 month-post-OVX group is responsive to subsequent E2 replacement one month post-OVX when the rats are 21 months old (Smith, et al, 2010). This protection of hippocampal responsiveness to E2 replacement is likely a consequence of maintained low plasma levels of ovarian E2 throughout the aging process, since ovarian function enters a phase of constant diestrus or estrus during estropause in rats (Chakraborty and Gore, 2004, Hung, et al, 2003), unlike in women, where ovaries discontinue E2 production in menopause (Klinga, et al, 1982). …”

Endometrial Cancer: Hormonal Factors, the Perimenopausal “Window of Risk,” and Isoflavones

“…Studies that have addressed this issue in obese postmenopausal women have reported E 1 and E2 levels to be increased (88, 89 -91) decreased (92) or no different from normal weight individuals (93)(94)(95)(96)(97). The study which found a decrease in serum E 1 and E2 included obese premenopausal women between 40 and 45 yr of age with FSH levels of greater than 15 (92). In the study by Vermeulin et al (96), in which only women greater than 4 yr after their last menstrual period (LMP) were included, mean E2 levels 4 -9, 10 -19, and more than 20 yr after their last menstrual period were 51, 58, and 33 pmol/liter, respectively.…”

Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone on fat metabolism and cognitive impairment in women during menopause

“…An earlier study (84 normal-weight and 46 severely obese women) found that FSH concentrations in obese women began to increase 4 years earlier during the MT than in normal-weight women, accompanied by premature ovarian failure (Klinga et al, 1982;Klinga et al, 1983). Margaret et al found that FSH was independently associated with low lean body mass in 94 menopausal women aged 50-64 years (β = −0.099) after correction for age, race, menopause duration, bioavailable estradiol, testosterone, LH and many other factors (Gourlay et al, 2012).…”