Serum Levels of Dihomo-Gamma (γ)-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) Are Inversely Associated with Linoleic Acid and Total Death in Elderly Patients with a Recent Myocardial Infarction

Abstract

Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) is an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) derived from linoleic acid (LA). The LA:DGLA ratio reflects conversion from LA to DGLA. Low levels of DGLA in serum have been related to poor outcome in myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Aims: To assess the association of DGLA and LA:DGLA with total death as a primary aim and incident cardiovascular events as a secondary objective. Methods: Baseline samples from 1002 patients, aged 70 to 82 years, included 2–8 weeks after an MI and followed for 2 years, were used. Major adverse clinical events (MACE) consisted of nonfatal MI, unscheduled coronary revascularization, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure or all-cause death. Cox regression analysis was used to relate serum n-6 PUFA phospholipid levels (%wt) to the risk of MACE, adjusting for the following: (1) age, sex and body mass index (BMI); (2) adding baseline cod liver oil supplementation; (3) adding prevalent hypertension, chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus. Results: Median DGLA level in serum phospholipids was 2.89 (Q1–Q3 2.43–3.38) %wt. DGLA was inversely related to LA and LA:DGLA ratio. There were 208 incident cases of MACE and 55 deaths. In the multivariable analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) for the total death in the three higher quartiles (Q2–4) of DGLA as compared to Q1 was 0.54 (0.31–0.95), with p = 0.03 (Model-1), 0.50 (0.28–0.91), with p = 0.02 (Model-2), and 0.47 (0.26–0.84), with p = 0.012 (Model-3), and non-significant for MACE. Risk of MACE (Model 3) approached borderline significance for LA:DGLA in Q2–4 vs. Q1 [HR 1.42 (1.00–2.04), p = 0.052]. Conclusions: Low levels of DGLA were related to a high LA:DGLA ratio and risk of total death in elderly patients with recent MI.

High fiber diet attenuate the inflammation and adverse remodeling of myocardial infarction via modulation of gut microbiota and metabolites

“…Among these pathways, linoleic acid metabolism showed high rich factor and low p value (<0.01), primary bile acid biosynthesis had significant impact in both comparisons. Previous studies demonstrated that lower plasma level of linoleic acid was associated with increase in cardiovascular risk ( Pertiwi et al, 2020 ; Nielsen et al, 2021 ; Nilsen et al, 2021 ). Increased levels of these linoleic acid metabolism related metabolites induced by high fiber diet might be involved in the protective effect of dietary fiber in MI.…”

Dietary-Derived Essential Nutrients and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

“…Our results showed that LA was a major risk factor for the effects of essential fatty acids on ALS, preliminarily suggesting that dietary supplementation with LA is not beneficial or is even harmful to ALS. As secondary evidence, we found that DGLA, which is derived from LA and is capable of anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects, had a strong risk effect on ALS [ 51 , 52 ]. LA is an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid.…”

Three Tiers to biological escape velocity: The quest to outwit aging

“…Low levels of serum DGLA are associated with mediocre health outcomes in myocardial infarction (MI) and an increased risk of total death in elderly patients with MI. 31 These Tier 1 interventions remain noninvasive, relatively simple for end users, and mostly cost effective. However, Tier 1 Tier 2 captures full spectrum biological surveillance looking at the entire human biological condition, from genomic data (including methylation 32 ), nuclear dynamics such as acetylation 33 and telomere length, 34 exosomal viability, 35 glycomic signatures, 24 metagenomics (microbiomic, mycobiomic, virome [36][37][38] ), metabolomic, 39 proteomic, transcriptomic, 40 NAD levels, 41 sirtuin activity, FOXO activity, 42 relevant blood markers, family history, diet, and many other diagnostic targets.…”

“…DGLA is able to disrupt cellular lipid metabolism, including eicosanoid biosynthesis that (through its antiproliferation effects) may be able to slow down cell division and increase lifespan. Low levels of serum DGLA are associated with mediocre health outcomes in myocardial infarction (MI) and an increased risk of total death in elderly patients with MI 31 …”

“…Low levels of serum DGLA are associated with mediocre health outcomes in myocardial infarction (MI) and an increased risk of total death in elderly patients with MI. 31 …”