Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection induces dysregulation of immunity: <i>in silico</i> gene expression analysis

Wu, Yen‐Hung; Yeh, I‐Jeng; Phan, Nam Nhut; Yen, Meng‐Chi; Liu, Hsin-Liang; Wang, Chih‐Yang; Hsu, Hui‐Ping

doi:10.7150/ijms.52256

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…ACE2 appears to be expressed mostly on the apical surface of the well-differentiated cells lining lung alveoli, where it causes the greatest damage [ 59 ]. In particular, according to a recent study conducted by Ortiz Bezara et al, the apical cell surfaces of a small subgroup of alveolar type II cells [ 40 ], are mainly involved with SOX9 positive lung progenitor cells (pluripotent stem cells also present in the lungs of children) [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an emerging viral disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which leads to severe respiratory infections in humans. The first reports came in December 2019 from the city of Wuhan in the province of Hubei in China. It was immediately clear that children developed a milder disease than adults. The reasons for the milder course of the disease were attributed to several factors: innate immunity, difference in ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme II) receptor expression, and previous infections with other common coronaviruses (CovH). This literature review aims to summarize aspects of innate immunity by focusing on the role of ACE2 expression and viral infections in children in modulating the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles deemed potentially eligible were considered, including those dealing with COVID-19 in children and providing more up-to-date and significant data in terms of epidemiology, prognosis, course, and symptoms, focusing on the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 disease in children. The bibliographic search was conducted using the search engines PubMed and Scopus. The following search terms were entered in PubMed and Scopus: COVID-19 AND ACE2 AND Children; COVID-19 AND Immunity innate AND children. The search identified 857 records, and 18 studies were applicable based on inclusion and exclusion criteria that addressed the issues of COVID-19 concerning the role of ACE2 expression in children. The scientific literature agrees that children develop milder COVID-19 disease than adults. Milder symptomatology could be attributed to innate immunity or previous CovH virus infections, while it is not yet fully understood how the differential expression of ACE2 in children could contribute to milder disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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“…It was found that the overexpression of the CCL2 gene was closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [ 48 , 49 ]. Chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1) protein was shown to catalyze chitin hydrolysis and was highly expressed in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons [ 50 ]. Furthermore, eight human CHI3L1 gene family members were found to encode glycosyl hydrolase that was expressed in neutrophils, macrophages and chondrocytes which play important role in tissue remodeling and inflammation [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Genetics and Cytotoxic Responses to Titanium Diboride and Zinc Borate Nanoparticles on Cultured Human Primary Alveolar Epithelial Cells

et al. 2022

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Titanium diboride (TiB2) and zinc borate (Zn3BO6) have been utilized in wide spectrum industrial areas because of their favorable properties such as a high melting point, good wear resistance, high hardness and thermal conductivity. On the other hand, the biomedical potentials of TiB2 and Zn3BO6 are still unknown because there is no comprehensive analysis that uncovers their biocompatibility features. Thus, the toxicogenomic properties of TiB2 and Zn3BO6 nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated on human primary alveolar epithelial cell cultures (HPAEpiC) by using different cell viability assays and microarray analyses. Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Functional Enrichment Analysis (STRING) was used to associate differentially expressed gene probes. According to the results, up to 10 mg/L concentration of TiB2 and Zn3BO6 NPs application did not stimulate a cytotoxic effect on the HPAEpiC cell cultures. Microarray analysis revealed that TiB2 NPs exposure enhances cellular adhesion molecules, proteases and carrier protein expression. Furthermore, Zn3BO6 NPs caused differential gene expressions in the cell cycle, cell division and extracellular matrix regulators. Finally, STRING analyses put forth that inflammation, cell regeneration and tissue repair-related gene interactions were affected by TiB2 NPs application. Zn3BO6 NPs exposure significantly altered inflammation, lipid metabolism and infection response activator-related gene interactions. These investigations illustrated that TiB2 and Zn3BO6 NPs exposure may affect different aspects of cellular machineries such as immunogenic responses, tissue regeneration and cell survival. Thus, these types of cellular mechanisms should be taken into account before the use of the related NPs in further biomedical applications.

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“…Wu et al. analysed the RNA‐sequence dataset of ACE2‐expressed‐A549 and NHBE cells with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and found the genes associated with it by bioinformatics enrichment analysis with immune‐related pathways, responses of host cells after an intracellular infection, steroid hormone biosynthesis, receptor signalling, and the complement system, which are closely related to a COVID‐19 infection [ 38 ]. Amira Mohammed et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have also used RNA sequencing methods to perform functional enrichment on specimens of patients with COVID-19 ARDS to understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease, in order to develop new therapeutic drugs or strategies. Wu et al analysed the RNA-sequence dataset of ACE2-expressed-A549 and NHBE cells with SARS-CoV-2 infection and found the genes associated with it by bioinformatics enrichment analysis with immune-related pathways, responses of host cells after an intracellular infection, steroid hormone biosynthesis, receptor signalling, and the complement system, which are closely related to a COVID-19 infection[38]. Amira Mohammed et al used staphylococcal enterotoxin B to induce ARDS a mouse model through single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome F I G U R E 8 Weighted gene co-expression network analysis analysis results of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome and control group patients: (a) soft threshold screening plot; (b) scale-free topology plot; (c) clustering dendrograms of DEGs; (d) TOM plotanalysis and found that ARDS is involved in the apoptosis of immune cells in the mitochondrial pathway.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive investigation of RNA‐sequencing dataset reveals the hub genes and molecular mechanisms of coronavirus disease 2019 acute respiratory distress syndrome

Deng

Zeng

et al. 2021

IET Systems Biology

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The goal of this study is to reveal the hub genes and molecular mechanisms of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) based on the genome-wide RNA sequencing dataset. The RNA sequencing dataset of COVID-19 ARDS was obtained from GSE163426. A total of 270 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between COVID-19 ARDS and control group patients. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs suggests that these DEGs may be involved in the following biological processes: response to cytokine, G-protein coupled receptor activity, ionotropic glutamate receptor signalling pathway and G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway. By using the weighted correlation network analysis approach to analyse these DEGs, 10 hub DEGs that may play an important role in COVID-19 ARDS were identified. A total of 67 potential COVID-19 ARDS targetted drugs were identified by a complement map analysis. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that the levels of T cells CD4 naive, T cells follicular helper, macrophages M1 and eosinophils in COVID-19 ARDS patients were significantly different from those in control group patients. In conclusion, this study identified 10 COVID-19 ARDS-related hub DEGs and numerous potential molecular mechanisms through a comprehensive analysis of the RNA sequencing dataset and also revealed the difference in immune cell infiltration of COVID-19 ARDS. K E Y W O R D S acute respiratory distress syndrome, coronavirus disease 2019, GSE163426, hub genes, molecular mechanism 1 | INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), named by the World Health Organization, refers to pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus infection. The International Committee on Classification of Viruses also named this new type of coronavirus 'SARS-CoV-2' (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) [1]. At present, there are more than 100 million patients diagnosed with COVID-19 worldwide, and more than 3 million patients have died. There are still 30 million patients with COVID-19. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19-infected pneumonia patients include fever, fatigue, and dry cough, which are its main manifestations [2].Upper respiratory symptoms such as nasal congestion and runny nose are rare, and hypoxia is present [3]. About half of the patients have difficulty breathing more than a week later. In severe cases, it leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, metabolic acidosis, and coagulation dysfunction [4,5]. ARDS is also the main cause of death for COVID-19 patients. However, it is still unclear which people are more likely to develop ARDS, and which are the related factors in patients who develop ARDS that lead to death. Therefore, we urgently need a better understanding of COVID-19 ARDS.Wangsheng Deng and Jiaxing Zeng contributed equally to this work.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original ...

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection induces dysregulation of immunity: in silico gene expression analysis

Cited by 13 publications

References 53 publications

Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Molecular Genetics and Cytotoxic Responses to Titanium Diboride and Zinc Borate Nanoparticles on Cultured Human Primary Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Comprehensive investigation of RNA‐sequencing dataset reveals the hub genes and molecular mechanisms of coronavirus disease 2019 acute respiratory distress syndrome

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