Sex Differences: A Resultant of an Evolutionary Pressure?

Torre, Sara Della; Maggi, Adriana

doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.01.006

Cited by 61 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The female reproductive system has been accepted recently as a critical driver in the formation of a differential susceptibility to metabolic disturbances compared with that of males (1). The fact that menopause induces metabolic syndrome strongly suggests that ovarian E2 is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 as a mediator in 17β‐estradiol‐induced white adipose tissue browning

et al. 2018

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Both ovarian E2 and hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are critical for energy homeostasis and white adipose tissue browning. Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is abundantly expressed in liver. However, whether FGF21 has a role in E2-induced white adipose tissue browning remains uncertain. In this study, we showed that hepatic Fgf21 expression and secretion during estrus cycle changed with the tetradian oscillatory secretion of circulation E2 in adult, female mice, with their peak expressions and secretions at the proestrus. In addition, exogenous E2 robustly stimulated liver Fgf21 expression and elevated serum FGF21 concentrations, which induced browning gene expression and reduced the tissue weight in subcutaneous white adipose in mice with ovariectomies. The inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and of ERα blocked the induction effect of E2 on the expression of Fgf21 in primary hepatocytes, which revealed that E2 might stimulate FGF21 expression via the ERα-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, FGF21 liver-specific deficiency abolished E2-induced white adipose browning in mice with ovariectomies. This study indicates that ovarian E2 increased liver FGF21 expression directly, which in turn, functioned as an endocrine signal to influence inguinal white adipose tissue browning.-Hua, L., Zhuo, Y., Jiang, D., Li, J., Huang, X., Zhu, Y., Li, Z., Yan, L., Jin, C., Jiang, X., Che, L., Fang, Z., Lin, Y., Xu, S., Li, J., Feng, B., Wu, D. Identification of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 as a mediator in 17β-estradiol-induced white adipose tissue browning.

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confidence: 99%

Identification of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 as a mediator in 17β‐estradiol‐induced white adipose tissue browning

et al. 2018

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“…Studies in mice revealed that gender can regulate the circadian rhythmicity of gut microbiota, and this rhythmicity was more pronounced in female mice (118). Gender Influences on gut microbiome-brain axis and regulates the circadian rhythmicity of gut microbiota Sex steroid hormones Behaviour and genetics Gender-dependent effects of diet (113,(115)(116)(117)(118) Age Aging process influences the compositional and functional of gut microbiota due to the differential physiological characteristics…”

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to increase the efficacy of using gut microbiota for the modulation of obesity

Rajoka

Shao

et al. 2017

Obesity Reviews

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Obesity is one of the most serious global public health challenges of the 21st century. The adjustment of gut microbiota is often recommended as an efficient strategy to treat obesity. This modulation of gut microbiota can be performed by many methods, including dietary intervention, antibiotic application, the use of prebiotics and probiotics, bariatric surgery and faecal microbiota transplantation. In most cases, positive effects have been observed in response to treatment, but invalid and even contrary effects have also been observed in some cases due to factors that are unrelated to intervention methods, such as genetic factors, patient age or gender, environmental microbiota, climate, geography and lifestyle. These factors can cause variation of gut microbial populations and thus should also be taken into consideration when selecting modulation strategies.

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“…Studies aimed at precision medicine are providing increasing data highlighting that it is indeed no longer possible to avoid a proper consideration of sex/gender differences when approaching disease pathophysiology [36][37][38]. Environmental, social, and psychological differences can contribute to sex/gender imbalances in CVD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex/Gender-Specific Imbalance in CVD: Could Physical Activity Help to Improve Clinical Outcome Targeting CVD Molecular Mechanisms in Women?

Vaccarezza

Papa

Milani

et al. 2020

IJMS

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In the last two decades, new insights have been gained regarding sex/gender-related differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD represents the leading cause of death worldwide in both men and women, accounting for at least one-third of all deaths in women and half of deaths in women over 50 years in developing countries. Important sex-related differences in prevalence, presentation, management, and outcomes of different CVDs have been recently discovered, demonstrating sex/gender-specific pathophysiologic features in the presentation and prognosis of CVD in men and women. A large amount of evidence has highlighted the role of sex hormones in protecting women from CVDs, providing an advantage over men that is lost when women reach the menopause stage. This hormonal-dependent shift of sex-related CVD risk consequently affects the overall CVD epidemiology, particularly in light of the increasing trend of population aging. The benefits of physical activity have been recognized for a long time as a powerful preventive approach for both CVD prevention and aging-related morbidity control. Exercise training is indeed a potent physiological stimulus, which reduces primary and secondary cardiovascular events. However, the underlying mechanisms of these positive effects, including from a sex/gender perspective, still need to be fully elucidated. The aim of this work is to provide a review of the evidence linking sex/gender-related differences in CVD, including sex/gender-specific molecular mediators, to explore whether sex- and gender-tailored physical activity may be used as an effective tool to prevent CVD and improve clinical outcomes in women.

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Sex Differences: A Resultant of an Evolutionary Pressure?

Cited by 61 publications

References 101 publications

Identification of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 as a mediator in 17β‐estradiol‐induced white adipose tissue browning

Identification of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 as a mediator in 17β‐estradiol‐induced white adipose tissue browning

Strategies to increase the efficacy of using gut microbiota for the modulation of obesity

Sex/Gender-Specific Imbalance in CVD: Could Physical Activity Help to Improve Clinical Outcome Targeting CVD Molecular Mechanisms in Women?

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