Sexual Harassment: Prevalence, Outcomes, and Gender Differences Assessed by Three Different Estimation Methods

Moral disengagement as a self-regulatory process in sexual harassment perpetration at work: A preliminary conceptualization

“…The negative and severe consequences of sexual harassment for victims and organizations are well documented and include poor physical and mental health, decreased job satisfaction, lower organizational commitment, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (e.g., Chan, Chow, Lam, & Cheung, 2008;Nielsen, Bjorkelo, Notelaers, & Einarsen, 2010;Willness, Steel, & Lee, 2007).…”

Gender as a Boundary Condition of Models of Union Women’s Mental Health and Participation in Relation to Perceived Union Tolerance for Sexual Harassment

“…Besides the Bulger study (2001) and the studies by Mellor and Golay (2014a, b), we found only three. By union studies, we mean studies wherein samples were deliberately drawn from a union or unions with the intent of informing union policy and practice on sexual harassment as opposed to studies wherein samples were incidentally drawn from a union mailing list (e.g., Berdahl 2007;Nielsen et al 2010). Although none of the three studies have particular relevance to our replication question, they are included here to show the extant literature.…”

“…In such studies, the intent of gender moderation is to show discrimination rather than replication, wherein a harassment relationship-either a harassment-outcome relationship or a predictor-harassment outcome relationship-is expected to differ (vary in strength) in relation to gender. To the extent that gender moderation is relevant to our replication question, we note that very few studies reported significant two-way interactions that included gender (see Chan et al 2008;Nielsen et al 2010 for discussions of gender moderation).…”

Minimization of Male Suffering: Social Perception of Victims and Perpetrators of Opposite-Sex Sexual Coercion

“…Settles et al (2011) found that among the US armed service personnel, 19.4 % of males ( n  = 1764) and 51.7 % of females ( n  = 4540) have experienced some forms of SH. In a Norwegian employee sample, it was found that 18.4 % experienced some forms of SH, while 0.9 % of men and 0.8 % of women stated that they had experienced SC (i.e., had been asked to have sex in order to avoid something or to gain something; Birkeland et al 2010). Overall, SH is a widespread problem that, depending on the estimations, affected or will affect from 30 to 50 % of women and from 10 to 15 % of men (Charney and Russell 1994; Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs Unit V/D.5 1998).…”

“…A meta-analysis carried out by Willness et al (2007) showed that SH is linked to numerous mental health problems (such as anxiety, depression, and negative mood), decreased well-being, and increased PTSD levels; it is also related to such physical health symptoms such as nausea, headaches, shortness of breath, or exhaustion. As shown by Birkeland et al (2010), it is not one’s sex that influences the impact SH has on a person but the very fact of being a SH victim. Both men and women who experienced frequent and explicit SH were found to have a higher number of mental health problems, compared to those who did not experience it at all.…”