Shikonin Inhibits Cell Growth of Sunitinib-Resistant Renal Cell Carcinoma by Activating the Necrosome Complex and Inhibiting the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Markowitsch, Sascha D.; Vakhrusheva, Olesya; Schupp, Patricia; Akele, Yasminn; Kitanovic, Jovana; Slade, Kimberly Sue; Efferth, Thomas; Thomas, Anita; Tsaur, Igor; Mager, René; Haferkamp, Axel; Juengel, Eva

doi:10.3390/cancers14051114

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…It has already been shown, that the AKT pathway play an important role in shikonin-induced apoptosis in several types of cancer. Cleavage of AKT occurs during apoptosis [ 39 ] suggests that either a level of baseline AKT signaling is vital for cell survival or that AKT activation occurs during apoptosis and acts as a “brake” on the process. Fast activation of AKT mediates survival of cells in various death settings and executed primarily through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shikonin derivatives cause apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human chondrosarcoma cells via death receptors and MAPK regulation

et al. 2022

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Background Although chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary malignant bone tumor, treatment options are limited due to its extensive resistance to a chemo- and radiation therapy. Since shikonin has shown potent anticancer activity in various types of cancer cells, it represents a promising compound for the development of a new therapeutic approach. Methods The dose-relationships of shikonin and its derivatives acetylshikonin and cyclopropylshikonin on two human chondrosarcoma cell lines were measured using the CellTiter-Glo®. The changes in the cell cycle were presented by flow cytometry. Protein phosphorylation and expression apoptotic markers, MAPKs and their downstream targets were analyzed using western blotting and gene expression were evaluated using RT-qPCR. Results Chondrosarcoma cells showed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability after treatment with shikonin and its derivatives, with the strongest effect for shikonin and IC50 values of 1.3 ± 0.2 µM. Flow cytometric measurements revealed a G2/M arrest of the cells after treatment. Protein and gene expression analysis demonstrated a dose-dependent downregulation of survivin and XIAP, and an upregulation of Noxa, γH2AX, cleaved caspase-8, -9, -3, and -PARP. Furthermore, the expression of various death receptors was modulated. As MAPK signaling pathways play a key role in tumor biology, their phosphorylation pattern and their corresponding downstream gene regulation were analyzed. Treatment with shikonin derivatives caused an inhibition of pSTAT3 and an increase of pAKT and the MAPKs pERK, pJNK, and pp38 in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions These data demonstrated the significant anti-tumorigenic effect of shikonin derivatives in chondrosarcoma and encourage further research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shikonin derivatives cause apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human chondrosarcoma cells via death receptors and MAPK regulation

et al. 2022

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“…The AKT/mTOR is an intracellular pathway that plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and migration ( Markowitsch et al, 2022 ; Shao et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ). Thus, the Western blot was used to explore the potential molecular effects of LDOC1 on liver cancer in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leucine zipper downregulated in cancer 1 may serve as a favorable prognostic biomarker by influencing proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration ability in hepatocellular carcinoma

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Genet.

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Aims: Leucine zipper downregulated in cancer 1 (LDOC1) inhibits tumor growth in several cancers. However, the expression and function of LDOC1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate how LDOC1 influenced tumor progression and the biological functions of HCC.Methods: The transcription levels of LDOC1 were determined using the GEPIA and UALCAN online databases and a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the protein levels of LDOC1. The online Kaplan-Meier Plotter was applied for survival analysis. Then lentivirus transfection was used to construct LDOC1 exogenous overexpression cell lines. Proliferation, clone formation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration assays were performed with the LDOC1-upregulated Huh7 and Hep3B cell lines. The phosphorylated and total levels of AKT and mTOR were determined using a Western blot to explore the potential molecular mechanism of LDOC1.Results: In the GEPIA and UALCAN analyses, LDOC1 was lowly expressed in tumors, had high expression in normal tissue samples (p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with tumor grade progression. The down-regulation of LDOC1 in HCC was validated with real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (all p < 0.05). LDOC1 transcription levels were negatively associated with overall, progression-free, recurrence-free, and disease-specific survival (all p < 0.05). The functional experiments suggested that the overexpression of LDOC1 contributed to increased G1 and G2 stages in Huh7, while increased G2 stage in Hep3B, and decreased cell proliferation, clone formation, and migration, as well as increased the apoptosis rate compared with the control group (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, LDOC1 up-regulation reduced the p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR, which indicates an inactivation of the AKT/mTOR pathway.Conclusion: The tumor-suppressor LDOC1 varied in HCC and non-HCC tissues, which can serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker. LDOC1 influenced survival by affecting proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration ability, which might be attributed to the AKT/mTOR inhibition in HCC.

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“…It activated the necrosome complex and overcame the resistance of Ph + CML to BCR-ABL TKI and RCC cells to sunitinib. 361 , 367 In addition, shikonin downregulated cell cycle-activating proteins and inhibited the proliferation of drug-resistant cells through cycle arrest. It also directly inhibited the AKT/mTOR pathway and enhanced TKI function.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Tki Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also directly inhibited the AKT/mTOR pathway and enhanced TKI function. 367 Apurinic/pyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is responsible for DNA damage repair. APE1 inhibitors induced DNA damage in NSCLC cell lines, thereby inducing apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis and overcoming erlotinib resistance, suggesting that inducing cell death by targeting DNA repair can improve cancer treatment.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Tki Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in malignant tumors: molecular mechanisms and future perspective

Yang

Wang

et al. 2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

108

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Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are a class of proteins with tyrosine kinase activity that phosphorylate tyrosine residues of critical molecules in signaling pathways. Their basal function is essential for maintaining normal cell growth and differentiation. However, aberrant activation of PTKs caused by various factors can deviate cell function from the expected trajectory to an abnormal growth state, leading to carcinogenesis. Inhibiting the aberrant PTK function could inhibit tumor growth. Therefore, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), target-specific inhibitors of PTKs, have been used in treating malignant tumors and play a significant role in targeted therapy of cancer. Currently, drug resistance is the main reason for limiting TKIs efficacy of cancer. The increasing studies indicated that tumor microenvironment, cell death resistance, tumor metabolism, epigenetic modification and abnormal metabolism of TKIs were deeply involved in tumor development and TKI resistance, besides the abnormal activation of PTK-related signaling pathways involved in gene mutations. Accordingly, it is of great significance to study the underlying mechanisms of TKIs resistance and find solutions to reverse TKIs resistance for improving TKIs efficacy of cancer. Herein, we reviewed the drug resistance mechanisms of TKIs and the potential approaches to overcome TKI resistance, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for improving the efficacy of TKIs.

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Shikonin Inhibits Cell Growth of Sunitinib-Resistant Renal Cell Carcinoma by Activating the Necrosome Complex and Inhibiting the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Cited by 11 publications

References 86 publications

Shikonin derivatives cause apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human chondrosarcoma cells via death receptors and MAPK regulation

Shikonin derivatives cause apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human chondrosarcoma cells via death receptors and MAPK regulation

Leucine zipper downregulated in cancer 1 may serve as a favorable prognostic biomarker by influencing proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration ability in hepatocellular carcinoma

Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in malignant tumors: molecular mechanisms and future perspective

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