. (2015). Metal fluxes from porewaters and labile sediment phases for predicting metal exposure and bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrates. Environmental Science and Technology (Washington), 49 (24), 14204-14212.
Metal fluxes from porewaters and labile sediment phases for predicting metal exposure and bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrates
AbstractThe use of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) for predicting metal bioavailability was investigated by exposing the bivalve Tellina deltoidalis to an identical series of metal-contaminated sediments deployed simultaneously in the field and laboratory. To understand the differences in metal exposure occurring between laboratory and field-based bioassays, changes in metal fluxes to DGT probes in sediments, and metal concentrations and partitioning to porewaters and overlying waters were investigated. DGT-metal fluxes (Cu, Pb and Zn) were lower in the overlying waters of most field-bioassays compared to the laboratory, causing differences in Pb and Zn bioaccumulation between bivalves exposed to laboratory and field conditions. Overall, DGT-metal fluxes provided predictions of metal bioaccumulation similar to those obtained using dilute-acid extractable metal measurements. This study demonstrates that, irrespective of the physicochemical properties of the sediment and type of exposure (laboratory or field), sediments pose a significant risk of bioaccumulation by T. deltoidalis when the Cu, Pb and Zn DGT flux exceeds 3.5, 1.3 and 156 µg/h/m2, respectively. The results presented here support the use of the DGT technique for sediment quality assessment and the hypothesis that DGT-metal fluxes may potentially be useful surrogates for the lability of metals for all exposure routes.
* Corresponding author:
Dianne JolleySchool of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia tel.: +61 2 4221 3516 E-mail address: djolley@uow.edu.au Rationale: Many sediment quality assessment frameworks consider the bioavailability of contaminants when evaluating the risk posed by contaminants to benthic communities. For metals, analyses of acidvolatile sulfide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) (dilute-acid extractable metals) and organic carbon (OC) are commonly used to assist in the bioavailability assessment. Although these approaches frequently provide useful information, they may result in inadequate predictions of risk of toxicity as they are based on a single measurement ('snapshots' temporally and spatially) that do not adequately reflect how the broader sediment properties (including particle size, iron and manganese oxyhydroxides etc) influence metal bioavailability. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) is an in-situ technique which provides a timeintegrated measure of metal fluxes from the pore water and labile sediment phases, allowing the quantitative evaluation of the sediment metal 'release potential'. In this study, we assess the performance of the DGT technique to predict metal bioavailability by comparing DGT metal fluxes with metal bioaccumulati...