Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) Consume Cicadas in the Qinling Mountains, China

Yang, Bin; Zhang, Peng; Garber, Paul A.; Hedley, Richard; Li, Baoguo

doi:10.1159/000443733

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Observations were conducted on Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys on the southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains near Longcaoping Village in Guanyinshan National Nature Reserve (107°51′-108°01′E, 33°35′-33°45′N), Shaanxi province, central China 28 – 30 . The study group has been habituated to researchers since 2010 and can be observed at close range, with individual recognition based on various physical characteristics 28 – 30 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These monkeys live in temperate forests on mountain plateaux in central and southwestern China, at 1500–3400 m. They are described as living in a multi-level society, consisting of several one-male units (OMU) and associated all-male units (AMU) 23 – 27 . Overall, the group has 50–150 individuals, with each OMU having a single resident adult male, several adult and sub-adult females, juveniles and infants 24 – 30 . Within this society the monkeys have multiple levels of social interactions and relationships 23 – 27 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although most affiliative behaviors occur within OMUs, infants and juveniles often visit other units and form play groups of 10–30 individuals; other behaviors such as grooming and co-feeding may also occur 23 – 27 . Endemic to China, Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys are seasonal breeders, in which mating occurs from September to December, and births occur from March to May 21 , 28 – 30 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal caretaking behavior towards a dead juvenile in a wild, multi-level primate society

Yang

Anderson

Mao

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Maternal caretaking and transport of dead infants are widespread among nonhuman primates, having been reported in numerous species of monkeys and apes. By contrast, accounts of such behaviors toward dead juveniles are scarce. Here, we describe responses by the mother and other group members to the death of a juvenile in a wild, multi-level group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Following the juvenile’s fatal accident, his mother transported and cared for the corpse for four days. Immature monkeys belonging to the same one-male unit, and some individuals from other social units also showed interest in and tended the corpse. Comparisons of this case with those involving the deaths of infants and an adult female in the same population highlight possible effects of physiological, psychological and emotional factors in primate thanatological responses, and provide an additional perspective on the origin and evolution of compassionate acts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal caretaking behavior towards a dead juvenile in a wild, multi-level primate society

Yang

Anderson

Mao

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…Evidently, precursors with higher Si content may be advantageous for obtaining higher yields of ncSi. Indeed, silicon nanoclusters formed in silicon monoxide (SiO) films [16][17][18][19] and other silicon sub-oxide (SiO x , x < 2) films, [20][21][22][23] usually prepared via thermal, plasma, and laser deposition, have been of interest in optical physics for applications as protective layers 24,25 and in silicon based optoelectronics. 26 Notably, SiO is also commercially available as powders in bulk quantities having a structure and properties that appears to be different from thin films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon monoxide – a convenient precursor for large scale synthesis of near infrared emitting monodisperse silicon nanocrystals

Sun

Qian

et al. 2016

Nanoscale

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While silicon nanocrystals (ncSi) embedded in silicon dioxide thin films have been intensively studied in physics, the potential of batch synthesis of silicon nanocrystals from the solid-state disproportionation of SiO powder has not drawn much attention in chemistry. Herein we describe some remarkable effects observed in the diffraction, microscopy and spectroscopy of SiO powder upon thermal processing in the temperature range 850-1100 °C. Quantum confinement effects and structural changes of the material related to the size of the silicon nanocrystals nucleated and grown in this way were established by Photoluminescence (PL), Raman, FTIR and UV-Visible spectroscopy, PXRD and STEM, pinpointing that the most significant disproportionation transformations happened in the temperature range between 900 and 950 °C. With this know-how a high yield synthesis was developed that produced polydispersions of decyl-capped, hexanesoluble silicon nanocrystals predominantly with near infrared (NIR) PL. Using size-selective precipitation, these polydispersions were separated into monodisperse fractions, which allowed their PL absolute quantum yield (AQY) to be studied as a function of silicon nanocrystal size. This investigation yielded volcano-shaped plots for the AQY confirming the most efficient PL wavelength for ncSi to be located at around 820-830 nm, which corresponded to a size of 3.5-4.0 nm. This work provides opportunities for applications of size-selected near infrared emitting silicon nanocrystals in biomedical imaging and photothermal therapy. While silicon nanocrystals (ncSi) embedded in silicon dioxide thin films have been intensively studied in physics, the potential of batch synthesis of silicon nanocrystals from the solid-state disproportionation of SiO powder has not drawn much attention in chemistry. Herein we describe some remarkable effects observed in the diffraction, microscopy and spectroscopy of SiO powder upon thermal processing in the temperature range 850-1100°C. Quantum confinement effects and structural changes of the material related to the size of the silicon nanocrystals nucleated and grown in this way were established by Photoluminescence (PL), Raman, FTIR and UV-Visible spectroscopy, PXRD and STEM, pinpointing that the most significant disproportionation transformations happened in the temperature range between 900 and 950°C. With this know-how a high yield synthesis was developed that produced polydispersions of decyl-capped, hexane-soluble silicon nanocrystals predominantly with near infrared (NIR) PL. Using sizeselective precipitation, these polydispersions were separated into monodisperse fractions, which allowed their PL absolute quantum yield (AQY) to be studied as a function of silicon nanocrystal size. This investigation yielded volcano-shaped plots for the AQY confirming the most efficient PL wavelength for ncSi to be located at around 820-830 nm, which corresponded to a size of 3.5-4.0 nm. This work provides opportunities for applications of size-selected near infrared emit...

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“…Given the lower primary production of montane forests compared to forests at lower elevations with a different species composition [Whitten et al, 1996] population densities of primates on Java are lower at higher altitudes [Sugarjito et al 1997;Nijman, 2015]. The difference in structure and species composition between lowland and hill forest and montane forest reflects itself in pronounced differences in the diet of P. comata [Kavana et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2016]. Ruhiyat [1983] found the species to be largely folivorous at altitudes between 1,400 and 1,650 m a.s.l., with 65.2% of the diet comprising leaves and flowers (59.1% young leaves; 5.6% mature leaves, 7% flowers) and only 14.2% comprising fruits and seeds (13.5% fruit, 0.7% seeds).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group Composition and Monandry in Grizzled Langurs, Presbytis comata, on Java

Nijman¹

2017

IJFP

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Grizzled langurs, Presbytis comata, a largely sexually monomorphic species, are reported to occur in populations where either the majority of groups comprise 1 adult male with 1 adult female, or where groups comprise 1 adult male with multiple females. As such, they may have a monandrous mating system. I investigated whether 1-male/1-female groups indeed form a significant part of the species' social system, and whether habitat variation (forest fragment size, distance to the forest edge, altitude) affects social organization. I found the species from sea level to 2,565 m above sea level in groups from 1 to 13 individuals. I recorded mostly 1-male/multifemale groups with offspring or, alternatively, all-male groups. Two out of 55 groups comprised 1-male/1-female groups with offspring. Group size was negatively correlated with altitude and forest fragment size, and positively correlated with increasing distance from the forest edge. Altitudinal variation in group sizes was driven mainly by fewer adult females being present in groups at higher elevations; the number of adult males (almost invariably 1), subadults, juveniles, and infants, as well as the infant/adult female ratio, showed little altitudinal variation. One-male/1-female groups have been recorded repeatedly over a 25-year period in a high-altitude population on Mt. Patuha, West Java, but even here, on average, three fifths of the groups comprise 1 adult male with multiple females. At high-altitude sites, P. comata may indeed have a monandrous mating system, but at lower elevations it seems similar to that of other Presbytis langurs.

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Sichuan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) Consume Cicadas in the Qinling Mountains, China

Cited by 6 publications

References 22 publications

Maternal caretaking behavior towards a dead juvenile in a wild, multi-level primate society

Maternal caretaking behavior towards a dead juvenile in a wild, multi-level primate society

Silicon monoxide – a convenient precursor for large scale synthesis of near infrared emitting monodisperse silicon nanocrystals

Group Composition and Monandry in Grizzled Langurs, Presbytis comata, on Java

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