Sida acuta Burm.f. leaves ethanol extract ameliorates haematological and biochemical alterations induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA-65 in mice

Abstract

Background Malaria has continued to be a threat to man and his wellbeing, especially Africans and Asians. New antimalarial drugs are urgently needed to mitigate malaria treatment failure due to resistant Plasmodium species. Medicinal plants used by indigenous Nigerians for treating fever and malaria such as Sida acuta Burm.f. (Malvaceae) could be a promising source of lead compounds for developing new generations of antimalarial drugs. The effects of ethanol extract of S. acuta leaves (EESAL) on malaria parasitemia, haematological and biochemical status of P. berghei-infected mice were investigated, using the 4-day curative test. Methodology EESAL was prepared by maceration method. The phyto-constituents and acute toxicity profile of the extract were evaluated using standard protocols. In addition, malaria parasitemia and chemo-suppression, and indicators of haematological and biochemical status of P. berghei-infected mice treated with EESAL were assessed. Results At 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/d b.w., p.o doses for 4 consecutive days, EESAL significantly (p < 0.05) decreased parasitaemia and suppressed malaria parasite by 89.64%, 95.95% and 97.38%, respectively comparable to negative control. The reduction in percentage malaria parasitemia by EESAL is comparable to Artemether (140 mg/kg/d b.w., p.o) used as standard antimalarial drug in this study. The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts of negative control are significantly (p < 0.05) higher than normal control. However, parasitized-EESAL-treated mice have significantly (p < 0.05) higher PCV value, Hb concentration and RBC and WBC counts than negative control. Similarly, treatment of parasitized mice with EESAL restored some indicators of the antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile and liver status altered by malaria. In addition, EESAL was tolerable up to 5000 mg/kg b.w., p.o. Conclusion These results indicate that the EESAL possesses antimalarial activity and normalizes alterations in haematological and biochemical status of malaria-infected mice.

Antimalarial effect of ethanol extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem-bark in Plasmodium berghei-NK 65 infected mice

“…The increased activities of the aminotransferases (AST, ALT) and alkaline phosphatase could be as a result of hepatocellular injury (Gowda et al, 2009) while the increased hyperbilirubinemia could be due to parenchymal liver cell damage and biliary obstruction induced by the liver schizonts of malaria parasite (Limdi and Hyde, 2003;Hoekstra et al, 2013). This finding is in agreement with previous studies (Enechi et al, 2021;Iyiola, 2020;Joshua et al, 2020) which reported increased liver enzyme activities and hyperbilirubinemia in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The reduction of the elevated AST, ALT and ALP showed that the extract was effective in reversing the hepatocellular damage caused by the Plasmodium parasite.…”

“…However, the administration of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased the haemoglobin concentration in the test groups. This result is consistent with previous studies (Aragaw et al, 2020;Joshua et al, 2020;Enechi et al, 2021). The increased concentration of haemoglobin in the treated animals could possibly be as a result of the inhibition of the parasite's digestion of haemoglobin by the secondary metabolites present in the extract.…”

“…The result of the study indicated that the ethanol extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol while significantly (p < 0.05) while raising the HDL cholesterol in the treated animals compared to the untreated ones (positive control). This result corroborates previous studies (Enechi et al, 2021;Joshua et al, 2020). This study reveal that malaria infection results in mixed hyperlipoproteinemia in mice, characterized by increased total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol (Natesan and Kim, 2021).…”

Antimalarial effect of ethanol extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem-bark in Plasmodium berghei-NK 65 infected mice.

“…The administration of the extract, on the other hand, signi cantly (p < 0.05) raised the haemoglobin concentration in the test groups. This result is consistent with prevous studies (Aragaw et al, 2020;Joshua et al, 2020;Enechi et al, 2021). The activity of some of the secondary metabolites in the extract could be responsible for the observed higher haemoglobin concentration in the treated animals.…”

Anti-Proteus Activity, Anti-Struvite Crystal, and Phytochemical Analysis of Sida acuta Burm. F. Ethanolic Leaf Extract

“…It has been used in Indian traditional medicine for several diseases such as kidney stone and urinary diseases treatment (diuretic) [ 9 , 10 ]. Moreover, the other previous report [ 13 ] of acute toxicity test showed that there was no death recorded in mice dosed with SAEE at 5000 mg/kg body weight. No significant changes were observed in body weight and behaviour within 24 h. Our previous study reported that SAAE contained the phenolic compounds (i.e., p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and resveratrol) and showed antibacterial activity on several bacterial reference strains [ 11 ].…”